| Chinese Text Project |
《職官一 - Officials and Positions 1》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
《歷代官制總序 - General Preface to the Official Systems of Successive Dynasties 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 歷代官制... : | 伏羲氏太昊以龍紀，故為龍師名官。師，長也。龍紀其官長，故為龍師。春官為青龍，夏官為赤龍，秋官為白龍，冬官為黑龍，中官為黃龍。張晏曰：「庖羲氏將興，神龍負圖而至，因以名師與官也。」共工氏以水紀，故為水師水名。共工氏，以諸侯霸有九州者。以受水瑞，故水名官。神農氏以火紀，故為火師火名。火德也，故為炎帝。春官為大火，夏官為鶉火，秋官為西火，冬官為北火，中官為中火也。神農有火星之瑞，因以名師與官也。黃帝雲師雲名。黃帝受命有雲瑞，故以雲紀事。春官為青雲，夏官為縉雲，秋官為白雲，冬官為黑雲，中官為黃雲也。黃帝有景雲之應，因以名師與官也。 |
| Fu Xi Shi Taihao used dragons as a basis for record-keeping, so he was called the Dragon Master and named his officials accordingly. Shi, means leader or chief. They used dragons to denote their officials and leaders, hence they were called Dragon Masters. The spring official was the Green Dragon, the summer official was the Red Dragon, the autumn official was the White Dragon, the winter official was the Black Dragon, and the central official was the Yellow Dragon. Zhang Yan said: "When Paoxi Shi was about to rise to power, a divine dragon brought a map; thus, he named his masters and officials after the dragon." Gonggong Shi used water as a basis for record-keeping; therefore, they were called Water Masters and named their officials accordingly. Gonggong Shi was a feudal lord who dominated the Nine Provinces. Because they received an auspicious omen related to water, their officials were named after water. Shennong Shi used fire as a basis for record-keeping and therefore was called the Fire Master, naming his officials accordingly. This signifies the virtue of fire; hence he is known as Yandi. The spring official was Da Huo (the Great Fire), the summer official was Chun Huo (Fire of the 鹑, or Phoenix), the autumn official was Xi Huo (Western Fire), the winter official was Bei Huo (Northern Fire), and the central official was Zhong Huo (Central Fire). Shennong received an auspicious omen of a Mars star, hence he named his masters and officials accordingly. Huangdi used clouds as the basis for record-keeping and thus was called the Cloud Master, naming his officials after clouds. Huangdi received a mandate with an auspicious omen of clouds; therefore, he used clouds to record events. The spring official was the Blue Cloud, the summer official was the Jin Yun (Purple Cloud), the autumn official was the White Cloud, the winter official was the Black Cloud, and the central official was the Huang Yun (Yellow Cloud). Huangdi received an omen of the Jingyun cloud; thus he named his masters and officials according to it. | ||
| 2 | 歷代官制... : | 少昊摯之立也，鳳鳥適至，故鳥紀，為鳥師而鳥名。鳳鳥氏，曆正也。鳳鳥知天時，故以為曆正之官。玄鳥氏，司分也。玄鳥，燕也。以春分來，秋分去。伯趙氏，司至也。伯趙，伯勞也。以夏至鳴，至冬至止。青鳥氏，司啟也。青鳥，鶬鷃也。以立春鳴，立秋止。鶡音晏。丹鳥氏，司閉也。丹鳥，鷩雉也。以立秋來，立冬去，入大水為蜃。以上四鳥，皆歷正之屬官。祝鳩氏，司徒也。祝鳩，鷦鳩也。鷦鳩孝，故為司徒，主教民。●鳩氏，司馬也。●鳩，王●也。摯而有別，故為司馬，主法制。鳲鳩氏，司空也。鳲鳩，鴶鵴也。鳲鳩平均，故為司空，平水土。鳲音尸。鴶音秸。鵴音菊。爽鳩氏，司寇也。爽鳩，鷹也。摯，故為司寇，主賊盜。鶻鳩氏，司事也。鶻鳩，鶻鵰也。春來冬去，故為司事。鶻音骨。鵰音陟交反。似山鵲而小，至春多聲。五鳩，鳩民者也。鳩，聚也。治民尚聚，故以鳩為名。五雉為五工正，五雉，雉有五種：西方曰鷷雉，東方曰鶅雉，南方曰翟雉，北方曰鵗雉，伊洛之南曰翬雉。利器用，正度量，夷民者也。夷，平也。九扈為九農正。扈，止也，止人使不淫放也。扈有九種，春扈鳻鶞，夏扈竊玄，秋扈竊藍，冬扈竊黃，棘扈竊丹，行扈唶唶，宵扈嘖嘖，桑扈竊脂，老扈鴳鴳。以九扈為九農之號，各隨其宜，以教民事者也。鶞音敕倫反。唶音子夜反。嘖音壯革反。 |
| When Shaohao Zhi came to power, the Fengniao bird happened to arrive; therefore, he used birds as a basis for record-keeping. He was called the Bird Master and named his officials after birds. Fengniaoshi was in charge of the calendar. The Fengniao knows the heavenly seasons, so it was used as an official in charge of the calendar system. Xuanniao Shi was responsible for the solstices. Xuanniao refers to the swallow. It arrives at the spring equinox and departs at the autumn equinox. Bozhao Shi was in charge of the winter solstice. Bozhao refers to Boliao, a type of bird. It calls at the summer solstice and stops calling at the winter solstice. Qingniao Shi was in charge of spring commencement. Qingniao refers to the yellow warbler. It calls at Lichun (Beginning of Spring) and stops calling at Liqiu (Beginning of Autumn). Hediao Yan. Danniao Shi was in charge of autumn closure. Danniao refers to the peacock pheasant. It arrives at Liqiu (Beginning of autumn) and departs at Lidong (Beginning of winter), entering deep water to become a shen (a mythical sea creature). The above four birds were all subordinate officials under the calendar master. Zhujiu Shi was the Minister of Works. Zhujiu refers to the yuhuang jiu (a type of dove). The yuhuang jiu is filial, hence it was associated with the Minister of Works, who was in charge of educating the people. Moujiu Shi was the Grand Marshal (Minister of War). Moujiu refers to Wang Mou. It is resolute and discerning, hence it was associated with the Grand Marshal, who presided over legal systems. Shijiou Shi was the Minister of Public Works. Shijiou refers to the jiaju (a type of bird). The shijiou is balanced and even, hence it was associated with Minister of Public Works, who managed water and land. Shijiou Yin Shi. Jiaju Yin Jie. Ju Yin Ju. Shuangjiu Shi was the Chief Justice. Shuangjiu refers to an eagle. It is resolute, hence it was associated with Chief Justice, who presided over matters of bandits and thieves. Hujiu Shi was in charge of state affairs. Hujiu refers to a gerfalcon. It arrives in spring and departs in winter, hence it was associated with overseeing state affairs. Hu Yin Gu. Diao Yin Zhejiao Fan. It resembles a mountain magpie but is smaller, and in spring it makes many sounds. The five jiu birds were those who governed the people. Jiu means to gather or assemble. Ruling the people emphasizes gathering, hence the name Jiu was used. The Five Zhui were the Five Officials in Charge of Crafts. Five Zhui refers to five types of pheasants: those from the west are called Zhi zhi, those from the east are called Yan zhi, those from the south are called Di zhi, those from the north are called Hu zhi, and those from the area south of Yiluo are called Hui zhi. They standardized tools for use, regulated measurements, and pacified the people. Yi means to level or pacify. The Nine Hu were the Nine Officials in Charge of Agriculture. Hu means to restrain; it restrains people from indulgence and disorder. There are nine types of Hu: Chuntu is Xieyu, Xiahu is Qianxuan, Qiuhu is Qilan, Donghu is Qihuang, Jihu is Qiandan, Xinghu is Zaze, Xiaohu is Zeze, Sanghu is Zhizhi, and Laohu is Anan. The nine Hu were used as titles for the Nine Agricultural Officials; each was assigned according to its suitability, in order to teach the people agricultural matters. Yu Yin Chilun Fan. Ze Yin Ziya Fan. Ze Yin Zhuangge Fan. | ||
| 3 | 歷代官制... : | 自顓頊以來，不能紀遠，乃紀於近，為民師而命以民事。德不能致遠瑞，始以民事命官。此郯子對魯昭公之辭。仲尼聞之曰：「吾聞之：『天子失官，學在四夷。』」乃見於郯子而學之。又有五行之官，是謂五官。社稷五祀，是尊是奉。五官之君長能修其業者，死配食於五行之神，為王者所尊奉。春官木正，曰句芒。正，官長也。取木生句曲而有芒角。其祀重也。夏官火正，曰祝融。祝融，明貌也。其祀黎也。秋官金正，曰蓐收。秋物摧蓐而可收也。其祀該也。冬官水正，曰玄冥。水，陰而幽冥。其祀脩及熙焉。中官土正，曰后土。土為群物主，故稱后也。其祀句龍焉。在家則祀中霤，在野則祀社。 |
| Since Zhuanxu, they could no longer record distant events, so they recorded things close at hand. They appointed people as teachers for the people and named them according to civil matters. Their virtue could not bring forth distant auspicious signs, so they began naming officials after civil affairs. This was Tanzi's response to Duke Zhao of Lu. Zhongni heard this and said: "I have heard it said, 'When the Son of Heaven loses his officials, learning resides among the four barbarian regions.'" He encountered Tanzi and studied from him. There were also five officials associated with the Five Elements, which are called the Five Officials. The five sacrifices to Sheji (the gods of land and grain) were revered and honored. If the leaders of the Five Officials could properly maintain their duties, after death they would be honored alongside the gods of the Five Elements and revered by kings. The spring official, in charge of wood, was called Goumang. Zheng means an official or leader. It was named after the wood that grows in a curved and angular shape with sharp points. Its worship is significant. The summer official, in charge of fire, was called Zhurong. Zhu Rong means bright and luminous appearance. Its worship was for Li. The autumn official, in charge of metal, was called Rushou. In autumn, things wither and become ready for harvest. Its worship was dedicated to Gai. The winter official, in charge of water, was called Xuanming. Water is yin and dark. Its worship included Xiu and Xi. The central official, in charge of earth, was called Houtu. Earth is the master of all things, hence it is referred to as Hou (lady). Its worship was dedicated to Goulong. In the home, it was worshipped as Zhongliu; in the countryside, it was worshipped as She. | ||
| 4 | 歷代官制... : | 唐堯之代，命羲、和欽若昊天，曆象日月星辰，敬授人時。重黎之後羲氏、和氏，世掌天地四時之官，故堯命之，使敬順昊天。昊天，言元氣廣大。星，四方中星。辰，日月所會。曆象其分節，敬記天時，以授人也。此舉其目，下別序之。分命羲仲宅嵎夷，曰暘谷，宅，居也。東表之地稱嵎夷。暘，明也。日出於谷而天下明，故稱暘谷。暘谷，嵎夷，一也。羲仲居治東方之官。寅賓出日，平秩東作。寅，敬。賓，導。秩，序也。歲起於東，而始就耕，謂之東作。東方之官，敬導出日，平均次序東作之事，以務農也。申命羲叔宅南交，申，重也。南交，言夏與春交，舉一隅以見之。此居治南方之官。平秩南訛，敬致。訛，化也。掌夏之官，平序南方化育之事，敬行其教，以致其功。四時同之，亦舉一隅。分命和仲宅西，曰昧谷，昧，冥也。日入於谷而天下冥，故曰昧谷。昧谷曰西，則嵎夷東可知。此居治西方之官，掌秋天之政。寅餞納日，平秩西成。餞，送也。日出言導，日入言送，因事之宜。秋，西方萬物成，平序其政，助成物也。申命和叔宅朔方，曰幽都，平在朔易。北稱朔，亦稱方。言一方則三方見矣。北稱幽則南稱明，從可知也。都，謂所聚也。易，謂歲改易於北方。平均在察其政，以順天常。上總言羲、和敬順昊天，此分別仲、叔各有所掌。允釐百工，庶績咸熙。允，信。釐，治。工，官。績，功。咸，皆。熙，廣也。言定四時成歲，曆以告時授事，則能信治百官，眾功皆廣，歎其善。內有百揆、四岳，四岳，分主四方諸侯者也。周禮正義曰：「四岳，四時之官，主四岳之事。」始羲、和之時，主四岳者謂之四伯。至其死，分岳事，置八伯，皆王官。其八伯，唯驩兜、共工、放齊、鯀四人而已，餘四人無文可知。故書傳云：「惟元祀巡狩，四岳八伯。」堯始以羲、和為六卿，春夏秋冬者，并掌方岳之事，是為四岳。出則為伯。其後稍死，分置八伯，以九州而言，八伯者，據畿外八州也，畿內不置伯，以鄉遂之吏主之。四岳之外，更有百揆之官者，但堯初天官為稷，至堯，試舜天官之任，謂之百揆，舜又命禹為百揆，皆天官也。外有州牧、侯伯。外置州牧十二及五國之長。 |
| During the reign of Tang Yao, he appointed Xi and He to diligently follow the bright heavens, to observe and record the sun, moon, and stars, and to respectfully bestow the proper times for people. The descendants of Zhongli, the Xi and He clans, had long held the office overseeing heaven, earth, and the four seasons; therefore, Yao appointed them to diligently follow the will of the bright heavens. "Haotian" means that the primordial qi is vast and boundless. Stars refer to the central stars of the four directions. Chen refers to where the sun and moon meet. They recorded the divisions and seasons, respectfully noting heavenly times in order to bestow them upon people. This is a general overview; below follows a detailed explanation. He assigned Xi Zhong to reside in Yuyi, called Yanggu, Zhai means to dwell or reside. The eastern region was known as Yuyi. Yang means brightness or illumination. The sun rises from the valley, bringing light to the world, hence it is called Yanggu. Yanggu and Yuyi are one and the same place. Xi Zhong was in charge of the eastern region's affairs. Yin Bin welcomed the rising sun, and peace prevailed as spring activities began in the east. Yin means reverence or respect. Bin means to guide or lead. Zhi means order or sequence. The year begins in the east, and farming activities commence, hence it is called Dongzuo. The official in charge of the eastern region respectfully guided the rising sun and ensured that spring farming activities were carried out in an orderly manner, so as to focus on agriculture. He reappointed Xi Shu to reside in Nanjiao, Shen means again or repeated. Nanjiao refers to the junction of summer and spring; it is an example taken from one corner to illustrate this. This was the official in charge of the southern region. He ensured order and sequence for Nan'e, showing reverence and dedication. E means transformation or change. The official in charge of summer ensured the orderly management of transformative and nurturing activities in the south, respectfully carrying out his duties to achieve success. This applied equally to all four seasons; it was also an example taken from one corner. He assigned He Zhong to reside in the west, called Meigu, Mei means darkness or obscurity. The sun sets into the valley and the world becomes dark, hence it is called Meigu. If Meigu is in the west, then Yuyi being in the east is clear to understand. This was the official governing the western region, responsible for autumn governance. Yin Jian bid farewell to the setting sun with reverence; he ensured order and sequence in the west's harvest activities. Jian means to send off or accompany on a journey. When the sun rises, one speaks of guiding it; when it sets, one speaks of sending it off—according to what is appropriate for each situation. In autumn, the western region sees all things mature; governance was orderly arranged to assist in their completion. He reappointed He Shu to reside in Shufang, called Youdu, and ensured order prevailed in the northern region of Shuyi. The north is also referred to as Shuo or Fang. Mentioning one direction makes the other three clear. If the north is called You, then the south is called Ming; this follows logically and can be understood accordingly. Du means a place where people or things gather. Yi refers to the annual change that occurs in the north. Order and sequence were maintained by observing governance, so as to follow the constant ways of heaven. The above passage generally states that Xi and He diligently followed Haotian; this section specifies how Zhong, Shu, and others each had their respective responsibilities. They properly organized the various officials, and many accomplishments flourished as a result. Yun means trustworthiness or faithfulness. Li means to manage or govern. Gong means officials or officers. Ji means achievements or accomplishments. Xian means all or everyone. Xi means extensive or widespread. It is said that by establishing the four seasons to form a year, and using the calendar to announce times for assigning tasks, one can faithfully govern all officials; thus, many accomplishments become widespread, and this is praised as excellent. Internally there were the Hundred Kui and the Four Yue, The Four Yue refers to those who each presided over the feudal lords of one of the four directions. Zhou Li Zhengyi states: "The Four Yue are officials in charge of the four seasons, presiding over matters related to the Four Great Mountains." At the time of Xi and He, those who presided over the Four Yue were called the Four Bo. After their deaths, the duties of the Four Yue were divided into eight positions, appointing Eight Bo, all of whom were royal officials. Of the Eight Bo, only four individuals—Huandou, Gonggong, Fangqi, and Gun—are known; the other four are not recorded in historical texts. Therefore, the Book of Documents states: "In the first year's inspection tour, the Four Yue and Eight Bo were involved." Yao initially appointed Xi and He as Six Qing (ministers), overseeing spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and together they managed the affairs of the regions and their respective mountains; this is known as the Four Yue. When going out on official duties, they were called Bo. Later, as some gradually died, eight Bo were appointed. In terms of the Nine Provinces, these Eight Bo governed the eight provinces outside the capital region; no Bo was stationed within the capital's jurisdiction, which was instead managed by local officials in charge of xiang and sui (administrative divisions). In addition to the Four Yue, there was also an official known as Baikui. Initially under Yao, the heavenly official position was held by Ji; later, during Yao's reign, Shun was tested for this role and called Baikui. Then, Shun appointed Yu as Baikui; all were heavenly officials. Externally there were Zhoumu (governors of provinces) and Houbo (feudal lords). Outside the capital, twelve Zhoumu and leaders of five states were stationed. | ||
| 5 | 歷代官制... : | 虞舜有天下，以伯禹作司空，使宅百揆。禹代鯀為崇伯，入為天子司空，治洪水有成功，言可用之。棄作后稷，播百穀。契作司徒，敷五教。布五常之教。皋繇作士，正五刑。士，理獄官。垂作共工，利器用。垂，臣名。共謂供其百工職事。伯益作虞，育草木鳥獸。虞，掌山澤之官。伯夷秩宗，典三禮。秩，序。宗，尊也。三禮，天地人之禮。伯夷，臣名，姜姓。夔典樂，教冑子，冑，長也，謂元子以下至卿大夫子弟。以歌詩蹈之舞之，教長國子中和祗庸孝友。和神人。命夔使勉之。龍作納言，出納帝命。納言，喉舌之官。聽下言，納於上，受上言，宣於下，必以信。蓋亦為六官，以主天地四時也。崔靈恩曰：「自顓頊以來，命南正重司天，火正黎司地，故重、黎之後，世掌天地官，號曰羲、和。唐堯受之，乃置天地四時之官，命羲、和之後，使復舊職，而掌天地之事。又分命羲仲、羲叔、和仲、和叔，使主四時，為六卿之任。及其末年，舜攝百揆，改地官為司徒，秋官為士，冬官為司空，春官為秩宗。故尚書曰『乃命羲、和，欽若昊天』，分命和仲、和叔等，使主四時之事。又云：『百姓不親，五品不遜，契為司徒，敬敷五教。』地官之事也。皋繇作士，五刑有服，秋官之任也。禹作司空，以平水土，冬官之職也。伯夷為秩宗，典朕三禮，此春官之所司也。」又周禮正義曰：「稷為天官，羲、和為夏官，共為六官也。」 |
| When Yu Shun ruled over all under heaven, he appointed Bo Yu as Sikong (Minister of Works) and assigned him to oversee the Baikui. Yu succeeded Gun as Chongbo, later becoming Sikong under the Son of Heaven; he successfully controlled the floods and was considered capable. Qi served as Houji, cultivating a hundred grains. Xie was appointed Siku (Minister of Education), spreading the Five Teachings. Disseminating the teachings of the five constant virtues. Gao Yao served as Shi (Minister of Justice), regulating the Five Punishments. Shi refers to an official responsible for judicial matters and prisons. Chui served as Gonggong (Minister of Works), creating useful tools and implements. Chui is the name of a minister. Gong refers to providing for the duties and tasks of various craftsmen and officials. Bo Yi served as Yu (Minister in charge of natural resources), nurturing plants, trees, birds, and beasts. Yu refers to the official responsible for managing mountains and lakes. Bo Yi served as Zhong (an official in charge of rites), overseeing the Three Rites. Zhi means order or hierarchy. Zong means reverence or veneration. The Three Rites refer to the rites of heaven, earth, and humanity. Bo Yi is a minister's name; he belonged to the Jiang clan. Kui was in charge of music, teaching the sons of nobles and officials, Zhao means eldest or senior; it refers to the sons of the heir apparent down to those of qing and daifu rank. Through singing poetry, dancing, and performing, he taught the young men of the state about harmony, reverence, diligence, filial piety, and brotherly love. To harmonize with gods and humans. The Son of Heaven ordered Kui to encourage them. Long served as Nayan, responsible for conveying the emperor's commands inward and outward. Nayan was an official in charge of speaking on behalf of the ruler, like a mouthpiece or spokesperson. He listened to words from below and conveyed them upward; he received commands from above and announced them downward, always with faithfulness. These were also known as the Six Officials, in charge of heaven, earth, and the four seasonal cycles. Cui Ling'en said: "Since Zhuanxu, the Son of Heaven appointed Nanzheng Zhong to oversee heavenly matters and Huozheng Li to oversee earthly affairs. Therefore, descendants of Zhong and Li continued to hold positions overseeing heaven and earth, known as Xi and He. Tang Yao inherited this system and established officials in charge of heaven, earth and the four seasons. He appointed descendants of Xi and He to resume their former duties and oversee matters related to heaven and earth. He also separately appointed Xi Zhong, Xi Shu, He Zhong, and He Shu to oversee the four seasons, assigning them roles as part of the Six Qing (ministerial positions). In his later years, Shun assumed the role of Baikui and reformed the positions: changing the official in charge of earthly matters to Siku (Minister of Rites), the autumn official to Shi (Minister of Justice or Judicial Affairs), the winter official to Sikong (Minister of Public Works), and the spring official to Zhong (an office overseeing rites). Therefore, the Shangshu says: "Then he appointed Xi and He, to diligently follow Haotian," separately assigning He Zhong, He Shu, et al., to oversee matters of the four seasons. It also says: "The people were not united, and the Five Virtues were not properly observed; therefore Xie was appointed as Siku (Minister of rites), to respectfully spread the Five Teachings." This refers to matters under the earthly official. Gao Yao served as Shi, and with the Five Punishments properly applied, this was the responsibility of the autumn official. Yu served as Sikong (Minister in charge of public works), leveling water and land—this was the duty of the winter official. Bo Yi served as Zhong, overseeing the Three Rites; this was what the spring official was responsible for." The Zhou Li Zhengyi also says: "Ji was the Tian Guan (Minister of Heaven), and Xi and He were Xia Guan (Ministers of Summer); together they formed the Six Officials." | ||
| 6 | 歷代官制... : | 夏后之制，亦置六卿。甘誓曰「乃召六卿」是也。其官名次，猶承虞制。禮記曰：「夏后氏官百，天子有三公、九卿、二十七大夫、八十一元士。」 |
| The system of the Xia Hou also established the Six Qing. This is what Ganshi says, "Then he summoned the Six Qing." The titles and order of these officials still followed the system established during the Yu (Yao) era. The Li Ji says: "During the Xia Hou Shi dynasty, there were one hundred officials; the Son of Heaven had three gong (high ministers), nine qing (ministers), twenty-seven daifu (dignitaries), and eighty-one yuanshi (senior scholars)." | ||
| 7 | 歷代官制... : | 殷制，天子建天官，先六太，曰太宰、太宗、太史、太祝、太士、太卜，典司六典。典，法也。此蓋殷時制也。周則太宰為天官，太宗曰宗伯，宗伯為春官，太史以下屬焉。太士，以神仕者。天子之五官，曰司徒、司馬、司空、司士、司寇，典司五眾。眾，謂群臣也。此亦殷時制也。周則司士屬司馬。太宰、司徒、宗伯、司馬、司寇、司空為六官。天子之六府，曰司土、司木、司水、司草、司器、司貨，典司六職。府，主藏六物之稅者。此亦殷時制也。周則皆屬司徒。司土，土均也。司木，山虞也。司水，川衡也。司草，稻人也。司器，角人也。司貨，●人也。●音華猛反。天子之六工，曰土工、金工、石工、木工、獸工、草工，典制六材。此亦殷時制也。周則皆屬司空。土工，陶瓬也。金工，築、冶、鳧、莺、鍛、桃也。石工，玉人、磬人也。木工，輪、輿、弓、廬、匠、車、梓也。獸工，函、鮑、韗、韋、裘也。唯草工職亡，蓋謂作萑葦之器。韗音吁援反。瓬音方往反。五官致貢曰享。貢，功也。享，獻也。致其歲終之功於王，謂之獻也。太宰歲終則令百官府各正其治，受其會，聽其致事，而詔王廢置也。五官之長曰伯。謂為三公也。周禮「九命作伯」。千里之內為王畿，千里之外設方伯。五國以為屬，屬有長。十國以為連，連有帥。三十國以為卒，卒有正。二百一十國以為州，州有伯。屬、連、卒、州，猶聚也。伯、帥、正，亦長也。凡長，皆因賢侯為之。殷之州長曰伯，虞、夏及周皆曰牧。八州八伯，五十六正，百六十八帥，三百三十六長。八伯各以其屬，屬於天子之老二人，分天下以為左右，曰二伯。老，謂上公。 |
| The Yin dynasty system had the Son of Heaven establish heavenly officials, beginning with the Six Tai: Taizai (Grand Chancellor), Taizong (Minister overseeing ancestral rites), Taishi (Grand Historian), Taizhu (Grand Priest), Tashi (Grand Official of Justice), and Taibu (Grand Diviner), who were responsible for administering the Six Dians. Dian means law or regulation. This was likely the system during the Yin dynasty. In the Zhou dynasty, Taizai became the Tian Guan (Heavenly Official), and Taizong was renamed Zongbo; Zongbo became the Chun Guan (Spring Official), with Taishi and those below it falling under its jurisdiction. Tashi were officials who served through divination or spiritual matters. The Son of Heaven's Five Officials were Siku (Minister in charge of rites), Sima (Minister of War), Sikong (Minister responsible for public works), Shishi, and Sikou, who administered the affairs of the five groups. Zhong refers to the group of officials or ministers. This was also a system from the Yin dynasty. In the Zhou dynasty, Shishi fell under Sima's jurisdiction. Taizai, Siku, Zongbo, Sima, Sikou, and Sikong formed the Six Guan (Six Officials). The Son of Heaven's Six Fu were SITU, SIMU, SHUI, CAO, QI, and HUA, responsible for overseeing the duties of these six positions. Fu refers to an office in charge of storing taxes collected from the Six Categories of goods. This was also a system during the Yin dynasty. In the Zhou dynasty, they were all subordinate to Siku. Situ refers to managing land and its distribution evenly. Simu means overseeing the mountains, or the official in charge of forest resources. Shui refers to managing rivers and waterways, also known as Chuanheng. Caoren is responsible for overseeing grasslands and rice cultivation. Qi refers to Jiaoren, the official in charge of horn-related materials or crafts. Hua refers to ?? Ren (the name is missing), who was responsible for overseeing goods and trade. ?? should be read as "Huamengfan." The Son of Heaven's Six Gong were Tu Gong (earth workers), Jin Gong (metal workers), Shi Gong (stone workers), Mu Gong (woodworkers), Shou Gong (animal product workers), and Cao Gong (plant material workers), responsible for producing the six types of materials. This was also a system in place during the Yin dynasty. In the Zhou dynasty, all of these were subordinate to Sikong. Tu Gong refers to Tao Hui (potters or ceramic workers). Jin Gong includes Zhu, Ye, Fu, Ying, Duan, and Tao—these were various metalworking roles. Shi Gong refers to Yu Ren (jade workers) and Qing Ren (stone chime instrument makers). Mu Gong includes Lun, Yu, Gong, Lu, Jiang, Che, and Zi—these were various woodworking roles. Shou Gong refers to Han, Bao, Fu, Wei, and Qiu—roles involved in processing animal products. Only the duties of Cao Gong are lost; it is likely that they were responsible for making tools or items from reeds and bulrushes. Fu should be read as "Xuyuanfan." Hui should be read as "Fangwangfan." The Five Officials presenting tribute is called Xiang. Gong means achievement or contribution. Xiang means to present or offer. Presenting their annual achievements at the end of the year to the king is called Xian (offering). At the end of each year, Taizai would command all officials and offices to properly manage their duties, receive reports summarizing their work, listen to their presentations on affairs, and then advise the king on which positions should be abolished or established. The head of each of the Five Officials was called Bo. This refers to being one of the Three Gong (high ministers). The Zhou Li says, "Nine Mings make a Bo." Within one thousand li was the Son of Heaven's Ji (directly administered territory), and beyond that area, Fangbo were established. Five states formed a group, and each group had a leader. Ten states formed a league, and each league had a commander. Thirty states formed a Zu, and each Zu had a Zheng (governor). 210 states formed a Zhou (state), and each Zhou had a Bo. Shu, Lian, Zu, and Zhou are all terms for groupings or aggregations. Bo, Shuai, and Zheng are also titles of leaders. All these leaders were appointed based on the merits of noble lords. In the Yin dynasty, the leader of a Zhou was called Bo; in the Yu, Xia, and Zhou dynasties, they were all referred to as Mu. There were eight Zhou (states), eight Bo, fifty-six Zheng, 168 Shuai, and 336 Cháng. The eight Bo each brought their subordinates to report to two senior officials of the Son of Heaven, who divided the realm into left and right halves, known as the Two Bo. Lao refers to Shanggong (the highest ministers). | ||
| 8 | 歷代官制... : | 周成王既黜殷命，參改殷官，制為周禮，以作天地四時之名，謂之六卿。改太宰為天官冢宰，太宗為春官宗伯，以司徒為地官，司馬為夏官，司寇為秋官，司空為冬官。立天官冢宰掌邦治，地官司徒掌邦教，春官宗伯掌邦禮，夏官司馬掌邦政，秋官司寇掌邦刑，冬官司空掌邦事。六官之職，皆總屬於冢宰。故論語曰：「君薨，百官總己以聽於冢宰。」爾雅曰：「冢，大也。」冢宰則太宰，於百官無所不主。各有徒屬，周於百事。崔靈恩曰：「夫百王不同，各置官禮。為禪讓相傳者亦不得不改，但所以改者少。非禪讓之世者變易必多，以革人視聽。所以禪讓不改多者，以禪讓道同，人未為弊，故不改者多。非禪讓之世，須變人情，故必多改。故王者之興，必有改官之禮，此周禮所興之意也。」歲終，天子齋戒受諫，諫當有所改為。六卿以百官之成質於天子。質，猶平也，平其計要。百官齋戒受質，受平報也。然後休老勞農，饗食之也。成歲事，斷計要也。制國用。 |
| After the Zhou Chengwang deposed the Yin officials, he reformed and modified the Yin system, establishing the Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou), creating names for heavenly, earthly, and seasonal functions, known as the Six Qing. He changed Taizai to Tian Guan Zhongzai, Taizong to Chun Guan Zongbo. Siku became the Di Guan (Earth Official), Sima became Xia Guan (Summer Official), Sikou became Qiu Guan (Autumn Official), and Sikong became Dong Guan (Winter Official). The Tian Guan Zhongzai was established to oversee national governance, the Di Guan Siku oversaw national education, the Chun Guan Zongbo oversaw national rites, the Xia Guan Sima oversaw national administration, the Qiu Guan Sikou oversaw national punishments, and the Dong Guan Sikong oversaw state affairs. The duties of all Six Officials were ultimately subordinate to Zhongzai. Therefore, the Lunyu says: "When a ruler passes away, all officials should assume their duties and await orders from Zhongzai." The Erya says: "Zhong means great or chief." Zhongzai is the Taizai, who holds authority over all one hundred officials. Each had their own subordinates and were responsible for a wide range of affairs. Cui Ling'en said: "Since the hundred kings differed, each established their own official systems and rites. Those who passed power through abdication also had to make changes, but such changes were minimal. In times not of abdication, there would be more frequent changes in order to reform people's perceptions and hearing. Therefore, during the abdication period there were few changes because the principles of abdication remained consistent; people had not yet experienced its drawbacks, so many things did not need to be changed. In times outside the abdication tradition, it was necessary to change people's customs and sentiments; therefore, many reforms were required. Therefore, when a Son of Heaven rose to power, there was inevitably an official reform ritual—this is the meaning behind the establishment of the Zhou Li." At the end of each year, the Son of Heaven would observe a period of fasting and self-discipline to receive advice; advice should lead to necessary changes. The Six Qing presented the accomplishments of all officials to the Son of Heaven for review. Zhi means roughly "to assess" or "to evaluate," meaning to examine and summarize their reports. The one hundred officials observed fasting and self-discipline in order to receive evaluation; this was to accept the assessment and respond accordingly. Only then would they retire the elderly and reward the farmers, by offering them a banquet or feast. Complete the annual affairs, meaning to finalize the summary of accounts. Regulate the state's expenditures. | ||
| 9 | 歷代官制... : | 自周衰，官失而百職亂，戰國並爭，各有變易。暨秦兼天下，建皇帝之號，五帝自以德不及三皇，故自去其皇號。三王又以德不及五帝，自損稱王。秦自以德褒二代，故兼稱之。立百官之職，不師古。始罷侯置守，太尉主五兵，丞相總百揆。又置御史大夫，以貳於相。 |
| Since the decline of the Zhou dynasty, officials lost their proper roles and the hundred positions became chaotic; during the Warring States period, as states vied for dominance, each made its own changes. When the Qin unified the realm and established the title of Huangdi (emperor), the Five Di had already abandoned their "Huang" titles, as they considered themselves less virtuous than the Three Huang. The Three Wang further reduced their titles to Wang (king), considering their virtue insufficient compared to the Five Di. The Qin dynasty, believing its virtue surpassed both previous generations, therefore combined and adopted both titles. They established the roles of one hundred officials without following ancient precedents. They first abolished feudal lords and appointed governors; Taiwei was in charge of the Five Armies, while Chengxiang oversaw all one hundred administrative affairs. They also established a Yushi Daifu (Grand Censor), as a deputy to the prime minister. | ||
| 10 | 歷代官制... : | 漢初因循而不革，隋時宜也，其後頗有所改。孟康注漢書曰：「大司馬、左右前後將軍、侍中、常侍、散騎、諸吏為中朝。丞相以下至六百石等為外朝。」王莽篡立，慕從古官，而吏民弗安，亦多虐政，遂以亂亡。至更始之時，官爵皆群小賈豎。語曰：「灶下養，中郎將。爛羊胃，騎都尉。爛羊頭，關內侯。」光武中興，務從節約，并官省職，費減億計。後漢建武六年詔曰：「百姓遭難，戶口耗少，而官吏尚繁。」於是司隸、州牧條奏，并省四百餘縣，吏職減損，十置其一。廢丞相與御史大夫，而以三司綜理眾務。洎於叔世，事歸臺閣。論道之官，備員而已。 |
| At the beginning of the Han dynasty, they followed the Qin system without major reforms; this was appropriate for the time in the Sui dynasty. Later on, there were some modifications. Meng Kang's annotation to the Hanshu says: "The Daisima, Left and Right, Front and Rear Generals, Shizhong, Changshi, Sanqi, and various officials formed the Zhongchao (inner court). The Chengxiang down to those with a salary of six hundred dan were part of the Wai Chao (outer court)." When Wang Mang usurped power, he imitated ancient official systems; however, officials and commoners were unsettled, and there were many oppressive policies, which eventually led to chaos and his downfall. By the time of Zhengshi, official ranks had all become titles held by petty villains and unscrupulous men. The saying went: "A son raised in the kitchen becomes a Zhonglang Jiang (Middle General). Rotten mutton stomach, Qi Duyi. A rotten sheep's head, Guannei Hou." When Guangwu revived the dynasty, he emphasized frugality, consolidated offices and reduced positions, saving expenses by millions. In the sixth year of Jianwu in the Later Han, an edict stated: "The people have suffered hardships and their population has greatly diminished, yet government officials remain numerous." As a result, the Sili and Zhoumu submitted reports detailing reductions, merging and eliminating more than four hundred counties; official positions were reduced to one-tenth of their former number. The posts of Chengxiang and Yushi Daifu were abolished, and the Three Commissions were entrusted with managing all official affairs. By later generations, matters came to be handled by the Taige (Hall of Records). Officials tasked with deliberating on principles and policies were merely nominal positions. | ||
| 11 | 歷代官制... : | 魏與吳蜀，多依漢制。晉氏繼及，大抵略同。山公啟事曰：「晉制，諸坐公事者，皆三年乃得敘用。其中多有好人，令逍遙無事。臣以為略依左遷法，隋資才減之，亦足懲戒，而官不失其用。」詔善之。又傅玄奏曰：「諸官有病滿百日不差，宜令去職，優其禮秩。既差而復用。」太元六年，改制減費，損吏士職員，凡七百人。時議省州郡縣半吏，以赴農功。荀勖議以為：「省吏不如省官，省官不如省事，省事不如清心。昔蕭曹相漢，載其清靜，此清心也。漢文垂拱，幾致刑措，此省事也。光武并合吏員，縣官國邑，纔置十一，此省官也。魏太和中，遣王人四出，減天下吏員，正始中亦并合郡縣，此省吏也。今必欲求之於本，則宜以省事為先。設官分職，委事責成。量能受任，思不出位。若欲省官，竊謂九寺可并於尚書，蘭臺宜省付三府。」至東晉，桓溫又表曰：「愚謂門下三省、祕書、著作，通可減半。古以九卿綜事，不專尚書。今事歸內臺，則九卿為虛設，皆宜省并。若郊廟籍田之屬，則臨時權兼，事訖省矣。」 |
| The states of Wei, Wu, and Shu mostly followed the Han system. When the Jin dynasty succeeded to power, it was largely similar. Shan Gong Qishi says: "According to Jin dynasty regulations, those who had committed official misconduct were not eligible for reinstatement until three years had passed. Among them there were many upright people, left idle and without responsibilities. I believe that roughly following the system of demotion, adjusting rank according to ability, would also be sufficient as a punishment and warning, while ensuring officials are not entirely deprived of their roles." The emperor issued an edict endorsing this view. Fuxuan also submitted a memorial stating: "If officials have been ill for more than one hundred days without recovery, they should be asked to resign from their posts but granted generous honors and stipends. They may then be reappointed after recovery." In the sixth year of Taiyuan, a reform was implemented to reduce expenses and cut down on officials and military personnel, totaling 700 people. At the time, there was discussion about reducing by half the number of officials at the state, commandery, and county levels to devote more effort to agriculture. Xun Xu argued: "Reducing the number of clerks is not as effective as reducing official positions; reducing official positions is not as effective as streamlining affairs; and streamlining affairs is not as effective as cultivating a clear mind. In the past, Xiao He and Cao Can served as prime ministers of Han, carrying out governance with tranquility—this is cultivating a clear mind. Emperor Wen of Han reigned in leisure and nearly achieved a state where punishments were unnecessary—this is streamlining affairs. Emperor Guangwu consolidated official positions, merging county and fief officials so that only one-tenth remained—this is reducing official posts. During the Taihe period of Wei, officials were sent out in four directions to reduce government clerks nationwide; during the Zhengshi period, commanderies and counties were also merged—this is reducing clerks. Now, if one must seek the root cause, streamlining affairs should be given priority. Establishing officials and dividing responsibilities, assigning tasks and holding them accountable for results. Assign positions according to ability; thoughts should not exceed one's rank or role. If one wishes to reduce the number of officials, I secretly believe that the nine temples can be merged under the Shangshu (Ministry of Works), and the Lantai should be streamlined and transferred to the Three Departments." By the Eastern Jin, Huan Wen again submitted a memorial stating: "I believe that the Menxia Sansheng (three provinces under the Gate of Sincerity), the Mishi Bureau, and the Zhuzuo Office can all be reduced by half. In ancient times, nine senior officials managed affairs collectively, without exclusive reliance on the Shangshu. Now that matters are handled by the inner court, the Nine Senior Officials have become redundant positions and should all be merged or eliminated. As for matters such as sacrifices at ancestral temples, registration of farmland, etc., these may be temporarily combined and managed by officials; once the tasks are completed, they should again be reduced." | ||
| 12 | 歷代官制... : | 爰及宋齊，亦無改作。宋時新制，長吏以父母疾去官，禁錮三年。山陰令沈叔任父疾去職，御史中丞鄭鮮之上議曰：「所以為其制者，蒞官不久，則奔競互生，故杜其欲速之情，以申考績之實耳。今父母之疾，而加以罪名，損義疾理，莫此為大。」詔從之。於是自二品以上父母及為祖父母後者，墳墓崩毀及疾病，族屬輒去，並不禁錮。又劉祗為中書郎，江夏王義恭領中書監，服親不得相臨，表解職也。孝武詔曰：「昔二王兩謝，俱至崇禮。自今三臺五省，悉同此例。」又詔曰：「方鎮所假禮白版郡縣，年限依臺除，食祿三分之一，不給送。」官司有三臺、五省之號，三臺，蓋兩漢舊名。五省，謂尚書、中書、門下、祕書、集書省也。郡縣有三歲為滿之期。宋州、郡、縣居職，以三周為小滿。梁武受終，多遵齊舊。然而定諸卿之位，分配四時，說在列卿中。置戎秩之官，百有餘號。武帝時，置百二十五號將軍，為二十四班。陳遵梁制，不失舊物。陳依梁制，年未滿三十者，不得入仕。唯經學生策試得第，諸州迎主簿，西曹左奏及經為挽郎得仕。其諸郡，唯正王任丹陽尹經迎得出身，庶姓尹不得。必有奇才、異行、殊勳，別降恩旨敘用者，不在常例。其相知表啟通舉者，每常有之。亦無年常考校黜陟之法。既不為此式，所以勤惰無辨。凡選官無定期，隨闕即補，多更互遷官，未必即進班秩。其官唯論清濁。從濁官得微清，即勝於轉。若有遷授，或由別敕，但移轉一人為官，則諸官多須改動。陳書曰：「舊式，拜官皆在午後。唯拜蔡景歷為度支尚書日，駕幸玄武觀，帝恐景歷是日不得預宴，特令早拜。」 |
| This continued into the Song and Qi dynasties, with no major changes. In the Song dynasty, a new regulation was introduced: officials who resigned due to their parents' illness were banned from holding office for three years. Shanyin Ling Shen Shu resigned from office due to his father's illness. Yu Shi Zhongcheng Zheng Xianzhi submitted a proposal stating: "The reason for this regulation is that if officials hold their posts for too short a time, competition and opportunism will arise; thus, it aims to curb the desire for rapid advancement and emphasize the reality of performance evaluations. Imposing a criminal penalty on an official who resigns due to his parents' illness harms moral principles and is the greatest injustice." The emperor issued an edict approving this proposal. From then on, officials of the second rank and above whose parents or grandparents were alive, if their ancestors' tombs collapsed or they fell ill, relatives would resign from office without being prohibited or punished. Also, Liu Zhi served as Zhongshu Lang (Ministry of Writing clerk), while Jiangxia Wang Yigong concurrently held the position of Zhongshu Jian. Since they were related by close kinship and could not serve together in such proximity, Liu submitted a memorial requesting to resign his post. Emperor Xiaowu issued an edict stating: "In the past, the two Wangs and the two Xies both reached great respect. From now on, all three courts and five departments shall follow this precedent." Another edict stated: "The temporary appointments of white-plate commanderies and counties by regional military governors shall follow the term limits set by the central court, with only one-third of their official salaries provided, and no travel expenses given." The government offices were known as the Three Tai and Five Sheng. The Three Tai are likely old titles from the Two Han dynasties. The Five Sheng refer to the Shangshu, Zhongshu, Menxia, Mishi, and Jishu Sheng. There was a three-year term for county officials. In the Song dynasty, state, commandery, and county officials serving their posts considered three years as a "small term completion." Liang Wu accepted power and mostly followed the precedents of Qi. Nevertheless, he established the positions of various senior officials and assigned them to the four seasons according to their duties. This is explained in detail among the list of senior officials. They also appointed military officials, with more than a hundred titles. During the reign of Emperor Wu, 125 general ranks were established, divided into twenty-four grades. Chen Zun followed the Liang dynasty system and did not abandon its traditional institutions. The Chen dynasty followed the Liang system, prohibiting those under thirty years of age from entering officialdom. Only those who passed the examination as Jingxue students, were appointed as Zhuzhu by various states, or served as Xicao Zuo Chou and Jing Wei Wanlang could become officials. As for the various commanderies, only those appointed as Danyang Yin by a legitimate prince and who had been welcomed into office could attain official status; common surnamed Yins were not allowed to do so. Those with exceptional talent, remarkable conduct, or extraordinary merit who received special imperial decrees for appointment were not subject to the usual regulations. There were often cases where officials recommended others they knew through memorials and petitions. There was also no regular annual system for evaluating and promoting or demoting officials. Since such a standard was not established, there was no distinction between diligence and idleness. Generally, official appointments had no fixed schedule; vacancies were filled as they arose, with frequent transfers between posts and not necessarily advancement in rank. The distinction among officials was based solely on whether their positions were considered "clean" or "unclean." Moving from an unclean position to a slightly clean one was considered more valuable than a mere transfer. If there were any transfers or appointments, they might be issued by special imperial decree; however, changing just one official's position often required adjustments to many other officials. The Chen Shu states: "According to the old custom, appointments of officials were always conducted after noon. Only when Cai Jingli was appointed as Du Zhi Shangshu did the emperor visit Xuanwu Guan. Fearing that Jingli would miss the banquet on that day, he specially ordered the appointment ceremony to be held early." | ||
| 13 | 歷代官制... : | 後魏昭成之即王位，初置官司，分掌眾職。以燕鳳為右長史，許謙為郎中令。然而其制草創，名稱乖疏。皇始元年，道武平并州，始建臺省，置百官，封拜公侯、將軍、刺史、太守，尚書郎等官悉用文人。天興中，太史言天文錯亂，當改王易政，故官號數革。初，道武制官，皆擬遠古雲鳥之義，諸曹走使謂之「鳧鴨」，取飛之迅疾也。以伺察者為候官，謂之「白鷺」，取其延頸遠視。他皆類此。至孝文太和中，王肅來奔，為制官品，百司位號，皆準南朝，改次職令，以為永制。凡守令以六年為滿，後經六年乃敘。又作考格，以之黜陟。太和十八年，詔曰：「古者三載考績，三考黜陟。朕今三載一考，考便黜陟，各令當司考其優劣為三等。六品以下，尚書重問；五品以上，朕與公卿親論善惡。上上者遷之，下下者黜之，中中者守本位。」又宣武帝行考陟之法，任事上中者，三年升一階；散官上第者，四載登一級。孝明以後，授受多濫。自明帝孝昌以後，天下多難，刺史、太守，皆為當部都督，雖無兵事，並立佐僚，所在頗為煩擾。及東魏靜帝時，齊神武作相，高隆之表請自非實在邊要、見有兵馬者，悉皆斷之。又時諸朝貴多假常侍以取貂蟬之飾。隆之自表解侍中，并陳諸假侍服者，請亦罷之。又自軍國多事，冒竊官者不可勝數。隆之奏請檢括，得五萬餘人。而群小喧囂，隆之懼而止。北齊創業，亦遵後魏，臺省位號，多類江東。以門下省掌獻納諫正，中書省管司王言，祕書省典司經籍，集書省掌從容諷議，中常侍省掌出入門閤，御史臺掌察糾彈劾。後主臨御，爵祿犬馬。御馬及犬，乃有儀同、郡君之號，藉以旃罽，食物十餘種。其宮婢、閹人、商人、胡戶、雜戶、歌舞人、見鬼人濫富貴者萬數。至末年，太宰、三師、大司馬、大將軍、三公等官，並增員而授，或兩或三，不可稱數。後周之初據關中，猶依魏制。及平江陵之後，別立憲章，酌周禮之文，建六官之職，其他官亦兼用秦漢。他官，謂將軍、都督、刺史、太守之類。 |
| After Emperor Zhaocheng of Later Wei ascended the throne, official institutions were first established, with officials assigned to manage various duties. Yan Feng was appointed as You Changshi, and Xu Qian as Langzhong Ling. However, the system was in its early stages and the titles were inconsistent or loosely defined. In the first year of Huangshi, Emperor Daowu pacified Bingzhou and established central government institutions for the first time. He appointed one hundred officials, conferred titles on dukes, marquises, generals, cishi (governors), taishou (prefects), Shangshu Lang, and other posts, all of which were filled by literati. During the Tianxing period, the Taishi (astronomer) reported that celestial phenomena were in disorder and advised a change of ruler and reform of governance; thus, official titles underwent several changes. Initially, when Daowu established official titles, he followed the ancient practice of naming them after clouds and birds. The clerks in various departments were called "Fuya," meaning ducks or geese, symbolizing their swift movement. Those responsible for surveillance were called Houguan and referred to as "Balu," after the heron, because of its long neck and distant gaze. Others followed a similar pattern. By the Taihe period of Emperor Xiaowen, Wang Su defected and helped establish official ranks. The titles for all government departments were standardized according to the Southern Dynasties system; he revised the order of positions and decreed this as a permanent regulation. Generally, county magistrates served six-year terms, and only after another six years could they be promoted or reassigned. They also established an evaluation system to determine promotions or demotions. In the eighteenth year of Taihe, an edict was issued: "In ancient times, officials were evaluated every three years, and after three evaluations, they would be promoted or demoted. Now I will evaluate them once every three years; upon each evaluation, officials shall be promoted or dismissed accordingly. Each department should assess the performance of its officials and classify them into three categories: superior, moderate, and inferior. For those ranked below the sixth grade, the Shangshu shall conduct a second review; for those above the fifth grade, I and the ministers will personally discuss their merits and faults. Those rated as top-tier shall be promoted; those in the lowest tier shall be demoted; and those in the middle tier shall remain in their current positions." Emperor Xuanwu also implemented a system of evaluation for promotion and demotion. Officials rated as excellent or good in their duties would be promoted one rank every three years; those holding honorary ranks who received the highest rating could advance one level every four years. After Emperor Xiaoming, appointments and promotions became largely arbitrary. Since the Xiaochang period of Emperor Mingdi, there were frequent troubles in the realm. Cishi and Taishou were all appointed as regional military commanders; even when no military affairs arose, they still established assistant officials, causing considerable disturbance throughout the regions. By the time of Emperor Jingdi of Eastern Wei, Qi Shenwu served as prime minister. Gao Longzhi submitted a memorial requesting that unless an official was stationed at a strategically important border location and actually had troops under command, all such appointments should be abolished. At the same time, many high-ranking officials in court often falsely claimed the title of Changshi to obtain the decorative pendants of sable and cicada. Longzhi himself submitted a memorial requesting his own removal from the post of Shizhong, and also listed those who had falsely claimed to wear the attire of Changshi, asking that they too be dismissed. Moreover, due to frequent military and state affairs, there were innumerable cases of people fraudulently claiming official positions. Gao Longzhi submitted a proposal requesting an investigation and verification, resulting in the discovery of over 50,000 such individuals. However, as a group of petty officials raised objections and caused disturbances, Gao Longzhi became fearful and ceased the action. When Northern Qi was founded, it also followed the system of Later Wei; many titles and positions in its central government were similar to those in Jiangdong. The Menxia Sheng was responsible for submitting memorials and offering advice; the Zhongshu Sheng managed imperial decrees; the Mishi Sheng oversaw classical texts and scriptures; the Jishu Sheng handled advisory discussions in a relaxed manner; the Zhongchangshi Sheng controlled access to the palace gates; and the Yushi Tai was responsible for investigation, supervision, and impeachment. When Emperor Houzhu assumed rule, titles and official ranks were given away like dogs and horses. Even the imperial horses and dogs had titles such as Yitong and Junjun, were covered with felt and furs, and received more than ten types of food. Among palace maids, eunuchs, merchants, Hu households, miscellaneous households, dancers, musicians, and those claiming to see ghosts, there were tens of thousands who fraudulently enjoyed wealth and noble status. By the final years of his reign, positions such as Taizai, San Shi, Daisima, Dajiangjun, and the Three Gong posts were all expanded with additional appointments; some had two or three people holding the same title at once, too numerous to count. At the beginning of its rule over Guanzhong, Later Zhou still followed the system of Wei. After the conquest of Jiangling, a new constitution and regulations were established. Drawing from the Rites of Zhou, they set up six official positions; other offices also combined elements from Qin and Han systems. Other officials referred to here include generals, military commanders, cishi, taishou, and similar posts. | ||
| 14 | 歷代官制... : | 隋文帝踐極，百度伊始，復廢周官，還依漢魏。其於庶僚，頗有損益，凡官以四考而代。又制，凡官以理去職，聽並執笏。至煬帝，意存稽古，多復舊章。百官不得計考增級，如有德行功能灼然顯著者，擢之。大業三年，始行新令，有三臺、五省、五監、十二衛、十六府。殿內、尚書、門下、內史、祕書，五省也。謁者、司隸、御史，三臺也。少府、長秋、國子、將作、都水，五監也。左右翊、左右驍、左右武、左右屯、左右禦、左右候、十二衛也。左右備身、左右監門等，凡十六府也。或是舊名，或是新置。諸省及左右衛、武候、領軍、監門府為內官，自餘為外官。於時天下繁富，四方無虞，衣冠文物為盛矣。既而漸為不道，百度方亂，號令日改，官名月易，圖籍散逸，不能詳備。 |
| When Emperor Wen of Sui ascended the throne, he initiated a new system from scratch; he abolished the Later Zhou official structure and returned to the Han and Wei systems. He made some modifications regarding common officials, stipulating that all officials would be replaced after four terms of assessment. Another regulation stated that any official who left office due to proper reasons was allowed to retain their official tablet (hu). By the time of Emperor Yang, he wished to follow ancient precedents and restored many old regulations. Officials could no longer advance in rank based on the number of assessments; if someone had evident virtue, conduct, or notable achievements, they would be promoted. In the third year of Daye, a new decree was implemented, establishing three Taos, five Shengs, five Jians, twelve Weis, and sixteen Fus. These were the Diannei, Shangshu, Menxia, Neishi, and Mishi—five provinces. Ye Zhe, Sili, and Yushi were the three Taos. Shaofu, Changqiu, Guozi, Jiangzuo, and Dushui were the five Jians. Left and Right Yi, Left and Right Xiao, Left and Right Wu, Left and Right Tun, Left and Right Yu, and Left and Right Hou were the twelve Weis. Left and Right Beishen, Left and Right Jianmen, and others totaled sixteen Fu offices. Some were old names, while others were newly established. The various provinces and the Left and Right Weis, Wuhou, Lingjun, and Jianmen Fu were considered internal officials; all others were external officials. At that time, the realm was prosperous and affluent, with no troubles from any direction; the culture of official attire, etiquette, and civilization reached its height. Soon after, things gradually deteriorated into disorder; all systems became chaotic, decrees changed daily, and official titles were altered monthly. Records and documents scattered and were no longer complete or detailed. | ||
| 15 | 歷代官制... : | 大唐職員多因隋制，雖小有變革，而大較不異。高祖制：文官遭父母喪者，聽去職。貞觀六年，大省內官，凡文武定員，六百四十有三而已。顯慶元年初制：「拜三師、三公、親王、尚書令、雍州牧、開府儀同三司、驃騎大將軍、左右僕射，並臨軒冊授。太子三少、侍中、中書令、諸曹尚書、諸衛大將軍、特進、鎮軍、輔國大將軍、光祿大夫、太子詹事、太常卿、都督及上州刺史在京者，朝堂受冊。」又制：「文武官五品以上老及病不因罪解者，並聽同致仕例。」龍朔二年，又改京諸司及百官之名，改尚書省為中臺，門下省為東臺，中書省為西臺，其餘官司悉改之。咸亨元年復舊。至於武太后，再易庶官，或從宜創號，改尚書省為文昌臺，門下省為鸞臺，中書省為鳳閣，御史臺為肅政臺及諸寺衛等名，又置控鶴府官員。或參用古典。改六尚書為天地四時之官。天授二年，凡舉人，無賢不肖，咸加擢拜，大置試官以處之。試官蓋起於此也。試者，未為正命。凡正官，皆稱行、守，其階高而官卑者稱行，階卑而官高者稱守，階官同者，並無行、守字。太后務收物情，其年二月，十道使舉人，并州石艾縣令王山耀等六十一人，並授拾遺、補闕。懷州錄事參軍崔獻可等二十四人，並授侍御史。并州錄事參軍徐昕等二十四人，並授著作郎。魏州內黃縣尉崔宣道等二十二人，並授衛佐、校書、御史等。故當時諺曰：「補闕連車載，拾遺平斗量。杷推侍御史，艶脫校書郎。」試官自此始也。於時擢人非次，刑網方密，雖驟歷榮貴，而敗輪繼軌。神功元年制曰：「自今本色出身，解天文者進轉官不得過太史令，音樂者不得過太樂、鼓吹署令，醫術者不得過尚藥奉御，陰陽卜筮者不得過太卜令，解造食者不得過司膳寺諸署令。」又制：「其有從勳官、品子、流外、國官、參佐、視品等出身者，自今不得任京清顯要等官。若累階應至三品者，不須進階，每一階酬勳兩轉。如先有上柱國者，聽迴授期以上親。必有異行奇材別立殊效者，不拘此例。」神龍初，官復舊號。凡武太后所改之官。二年三月，又置員外官二千餘人。國初，舊有員外官，至此大增，加兼超授諸閹官為員外官者，亦千餘人。中書令李嶠，初自地官尚書貶通州刺史，至是召拜吏部侍郎。嶠志欲曲行私惠，求名悅眾，冀得重居相位，乃奏請大置員外官，多引用勢家親識。至是，嶠又自覺銓衡失序，官員倍多，府庫由是減耗也。於是遂有員外、員外官，其初但云員外。至永徽六年，以蔣孝璋為尚藥奉御，員外特置，仍同正員。自是員外官復有同正員者，其加同正員者，唯不給職田耳，其祿俸賜與正官同。單言員外者，則俸祿減正官之半。檢校、試、攝、判、知之官。攝者，言敕攝，非州府版署之命。檢校者，云檢校某官。判官者，云判某官事。知者，云知某官事。皆是詔除，而非正命。逮乎景龍，官紀大紊，復有「斜封無坐處」之誦興焉。景龍中，有太平、安樂、長寧、宜城等諸公主及皇后陸氏妹郕國夫人、李氏妹崇國夫人并昭容上官氏與其母沛國夫人鄭氏、尚宮柴氏、賀婁氏、女巫隴西夫人趙氏，皆樹用親識，亦多猥濫。或出自臧獲，或由於屠販，多因賂貨，累居榮秩，咸能別於側門降墨敕斜封以授焉，故時人號為「斜封官」。時既政出多門，遷除甚眾，自宰相至於內外員外官及左右臺御史，多者則數踰十倍，皆無廳事可以處之，故時人謂之「三無坐處」，謂宰相、御史及員外官也。先天以來，始懲其弊。玄宗御極，宰相姚元崇、宋璟兼吏部尚書，大革姦濫，十去其九。時有殿中侍御史崔蒞、太子中允薛昭諷帝曰：「先朝所授斜封官，恩命已布，而姚元崇、宋璟等沮先帝之明，歸怨陛下，道路謗讟，天下稱冤。奈何與萬人為仇敵，恐有非常之變。」上以為然，乃下詔曰：「諸緣斜封、別敕授官，先令停任，宜並量材敘用。」監察御史柳澤又上疏，極言不可：「其斜封官得免罪戾，已沐恩私。旬月之內，頻煩降旨，前敕令至冬處分，後敕又令替人卻停，將何以止姦邪？將何以懲風俗？」至開元二十五年，刊定職次，著為格令。此格皆武德、貞觀之舊制，永徽初已詳定之，至開元二十五年再刪定焉。至二十八年，又省文武六品以下官三百餘員及諸流外、番官等。蓋尚書省以統會眾務，舉持繩目。門下省以侍從獻替，規駮非宜。中書省以獻納制冊，敷揚宣勞。祕書省以監錄圖書。殿中省以供修膳服。內侍省以承旨奉引。尚書、門下、中書、祕書、殿中、內侍，凡六省。御史臺以肅清僚庶。九寺、太常、光祿、衛尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府為九寺。五監少府、將作、國子、軍器、都水為五監。以分理群司。六軍、左右羽林、左右龍武、左右神武為六軍。十六衛左右衛、左右驍衛、左右武、左右威、左右領軍、左右金吾、左右監門、左右千牛為十六衛。以嚴其禁禦。一詹事府、二春坊、有左右春坊，又有內坊，掌閣內諸事。三寺、家令寺、率更寺、太僕寺。十率左右衛、左右司禦、左右清道、左右監門、左右內侍，凡十率府。俾乂儲宮。牧守督護，分臨畿服，京府置牧，餘府州置都督、都護、太守。設官以經之，置使以緯之。按察、採訪等使以理州縣。節度、團練等使以督府軍事。租庸、轉運、鹽鐵、青苗、營田等使以毓財貨。其餘細務因事置使者，不可悉數。其轉運以下諸使，無適所治，廢置不常，故不別列於篇。自六品以下，率由選曹，居官者以五歲為限。於是百司具舉，庶績咸理，亦一代之制焉。一歲為一考，四考有替則為滿。若無替，則五考而罷。六品以下，吏部注擬，謂之旨授。五品以上，則皆敕除。自至德之後，天下多難，甄才錄效，制敕特拜，繁於吏部，於是兼試、員外郎，倍多正員。至廣德以來，乃立制限，州縣員外，兼試等官，各有定額。並云：額內溢於限者，不得視職。其有身帶京官冗職，資名清美，兼州縣職者，云占闕焉，即如正員之例。官以三考而代，無替四考而罷，由是官有常序焉。 |
| The Tang dynasty's system of official positions largely followed the Sui dynasty's structure; although there were minor changes, the overall framework remained essentially the same. Emperor Gaozu decreed: civil officials who encountered the death of their parents were allowed to leave office. In the sixth year of Zhenguan, a major reduction in internal officials was carried out; all civil and military posts were standardized to a total of only 643 positions. In the first year of Xianqing, a new regulation was established: "When appointing San Shi, San Gong, imperial princes, Shangshuliu, Youzhou Mu, Kai Fu Yitong Sansi, Biaoqi Dajiangjun, or Zuo You Puye, they must all be formally enfeoffed in the Xuan Hall. Taizi Sanshao, Shizhong, Zhongshuliu, various Cao Shangshu, various Wei Dajiangjun, Tejin, Zhenjun, Fuguo Dajiangjun, Guanglu Dafu, Taizi Zhanshi, Taichang Qing, Dudu and Shangzhou Cishi residing in the capital would receive their appointments at the court hall." Another regulation stated: "Civil and military officials of the fifth rank or higher who resign due to old age or illness, not as a result of punishment, shall all be treated according to the example for retired officials." In the second year of Longshuo, the names of various central government offices and officials were once again changed. The Shangshu Sheng was renamed Zhongtai; the Menxia Sheng became Dongtai; and the Zhongshu Sheng became Xitai; all other official titles and departments were similarly altered. In the first year of Yanheng, the old system was restored. When it came to Empress Wu, she once again altered the positions of common officials, sometimes creating new titles as circumstances required. She changed the Shangshu Sheng into Wenchang Tai; the Menxia Sheng into Luan Tai; and the Zhongshusheng into Feng Ge; the Yushitai was renamed Suzheng Tai, along with other temple and military departments' names being altered. She also established new officials for the Konghe Fu. Some titles were drawn from classical references as well. The Six Shangshu were renamed to correspond with the officials of Heaven, Earth, and the Four Seasons. In the second year of Tianshou, all candidates for office were appointed regardless of their virtue or ability; a large number of trial positions were created to accommodate them. The practice of appointing officials on probation began at this time. A "shi" official was not yet a formally appointed position. All regular officials were prefixed with "xing" or "shou." Those whose rank was higher than their position were called "xing," while those whose rank was lower than their position were termed "shou." When the official's rank and title matched, neither prefix was used. læ In order to gain public favor, the Empress Dowager, in the second month of that year, had ten regional envoys recommend candidates. Wang Shanyao, county magistrate of Shi'ai County in Bingzhou, and 60 others were all appointed as Shi Yi or Bu Que. Cui Xianke, a Luoshi Canjun of Huizhou, and 23 others were all appointed as Shiyushi. Xu Xin, a Luoshi Canjun from Bingzhou, and another 23 individuals were all appointed as Zhuzuo Lang. Cui Xuandao, a county 尉 of Neihuang County in Weizhou, and another 21 individuals were all appointed to positions such as Wei Zuo, Xiaoshu, or Yushi. Thus, a popular saying at the time was: "Bu Que officials were so numerous they could fill carts; Shi Yi officials were as common as measuring with a bushel." "Shiyushi were as abundant as brooms sweeping the streets, and Xiaoshulang could be found even among those who had just removed their shoes." The practice of trial appointments began from this time. At that time, people were promoted out of their proper ranks; the legal system became increasingly strict. Although many quickly rose to positions of honor and power, failures followed one after another. In the first year of Shengong, a decree was issued: "From now on, those who have attained official status through their original qualifications and are knowledgeable in astronomy may not be promoted beyond Tai Shi Ling; those skilled in music may not exceed the rank of Taiyue or Guchui Shu Ling; medical practitioners may not surpass Shangyao Fengyu; those versed in divination and fortune-telling may not go beyond Tai Bu Ling; and those who understand food preparation may not rise above the various Shisian Si Shu Lings." Another decree stated: "Those who have attained their positions through the ranks of Xun Guan, Pin Zi, Liuwai, Guo Guan, Can Zuo, or Shi Pin shall not be appointed to important and prestigious posts in the capital from now on. If their accumulated ranks should reach the third grade, they need not be promoted further; for each rank, two additional rewards in terms of official advancement shall be given. If someone previously held the title Shangzhugu, they may transfer it to a relative within one generation or closer. Those who demonstrate extraordinary conduct, exceptional talent, or have made unique contributions shall not be bound by this rule." At the beginning of Shenlong, official titles were restored to their former names. All offices that had been altered by Empress Dowager Wu. In the third month of the second year, more than 2,000 additional Waiyuan officials were appointed. At the beginning of the dynasty, there had already been Waiyuan officials; by this time, their numbers were greatly increased. In addition, over a thousand eunuchs were also appointed as Waiyuan officials through combined appointments or promotions beyond normal procedures. /no_think Li Qiao, the Zhongshuliu (Minister of the Secretariat), had initially been demoted from Digan Shangshu to Tongzhou Cishi; at this time, he was summoned and appointed as Lushi Shiyuan. Qiao, eager to gain popularity by showing personal favors and seeking public approval in order to attain a high ministerial position, submitted a proposal requesting the appointment of many Waiyuan officials, most of whom were relatives or acquaintances from influential families. By this time, Qiao himself realized that the system of official appointments had become disordered and that the number of officials had doubled; as a result, the state treasury was being drained. Thus, there came to be Waiyuan and Waiyuan Guan; initially, it was simply referred to as "Waiyuan." It was not until the sixth year of Yonghui that Jiang Xiaozhang was appointed as Shangyao Fengyu, a special Waiyuan position established at this time and granted equal status to regular officials. From then on, Waiyuan Guan were once again granted the same status as regular officials. Those who received this "Tong Zheng Yuan" designation did not receive official land for their posts, but otherwise their salaries and benefits were identical to those of regular officials. Those who held the title "Waiyuan" alone received only half the salary and stipend of a regular official. Jianjiao, Shi, She, Pan, Zhi officials. "She" means an imperial order to temporarily assume a post; it is not an official appointment issued by the state or prefecture authorities. "Jianjiao" refers to being appointed as "Jianjiao of a certain office." A "Pan Guan" is one who is said to "administer the affairs of a particular official post." A "Zhi" officer refers to someone who is in charge of or oversees the duties of a certain office. All these positions were appointed by imperial decree, rather than through formal official appointments. By the time of Jinglong, the system of official ranks had become greatly disordered; once again, there arose a saying: "Oblique appointments with no fixed seats." During the Jinglong period, Princess Taiping, Princess Anle, Princess Changning, Princess Yicheng and others; Lady Chengguo, sister of Empress Lu; Lady Chongguo, sister of Lady Li; Zhao Rong Shangrong Suanggan Chaishi, Helou Shi, female witch Longxi Fu Ren Zhao Shi—all these individuals appointed their relatives and acquaintances to official posts, resulting in widespread corruption and abuse. Some were former slaves, others came from butchers or vendors; most obtained their positions through bribery and accumulated honors. All of them received appointments via side doors with imperial decrees written in ink (not the official vermilion), hence they were called "Xiefeng Guan" by people at that time. At that time, since power was dispersed among many factions, the number of appointments and dismissals increased greatly. From chancellors down to internal and external Waiyuan officials as well as Yushi from both Left and Right Taos, their numbers often exceeded ten times the original amount; there were no offices or rooms available to accommodate them all. Hence, people at that time referred to it as "three places with no seats," meaning chancellors, yushi, and waiyuan officials. Since the Tianyuan period, efforts began to correct these abuses. When Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, Chancellor Yao Yuanchong and Song Jing also served as Shangshu of the Ministry of Personnel. They carried out a major reform to eliminate corruption and abuses, removing nine-tenths of the officials involved. At that time, Dianzhong Shiyushi Cui Li and Taizi Zhongyun Xue Zhao advised the emperor: "The officials appointed by previous decrees as 'Xiefeng Guan' have already received imperial favor; however, Yao Yuanchong and Song Jing are obstructing the late emperor's clear intentions and transferring blame onto Your Majesty. People on the roads criticize them, and many across the realm claim they are wronged." "Why provoke hostility with ten thousand people? We fear that this may lead to an extraordinary upheaval." The emperor agreed, and issued a decree: "All officials appointed through 'Xiefeng' or special imperial decrees shall first be suspended from their posts; they should now all be reassessed according to their abilities for reappointment." Jiancha Yushi Liu Ze also submitted a memorial, strongly arguing against this: "Those 'Xiefeng Guan officials who were allowed to avoid punishment have already received the emperor's grace. Within a few weeks, imperial decrees were frequently issued: the previous decree ordered that action be taken by winter, but later decrees then halted replacements. How can this possibly stop corruption and wrongdoing? How will it correct customs and discipline?" By the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, official ranks were revised and standardized into formal regulations. These regulations were all based on the old systems from Wude and Zhenguan periods. They had already been carefully established at the beginning of Yonghui, and were revised again in the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyan. By the twenty-eighth year, another reduction was made: over 300 civil and military officials of sixth rank or lower were dismissed, along with various Liuwai and Fan Guan positions. The Shangshu Sheng served to oversee all official affairs and maintain the standards of governance. The Menxia Sheng provided attendance and advice, offering suggestions for improvement and correcting inappropriate actions. The Zhongshu Sheng submitted memorials and drafted imperial decrees, spreading the emperor's will and carrying out his duties. The Mishi Sheng was responsible for overseeing and recording books and documents. The Dianzhong Sheng provided maintenance, food supplies, and clothing. The Neishi Sheng received imperial instructions and served as attendants to the emperor. Shangshu, Menxia, Zhongshu, Mishi, Dianzhong, and Neishi—these were the Six Sheng (provincial offices) in total. The Yushi Tai was responsible for maintaining discipline among officials and commoners alike. Nine Si (temples): Taichang, Guanglu, Weiyi, Zongzheng, Taifu, Dali, Honglu, Sinong, and Taifu were the Nine Si. Five Jian Shaofu, Jiangzuo, Guizi, Junqi, and Dushui were the Five Jian. They were responsible for dividing and managing various departments. The Six Armies: the Left and Right Yulin, the Left and Right Longwu, and the Left and Right Shenwu were the Six Armies. The Sixteen Wei: the Left and Right Weis, the Left and Right Xiao Weis, the Left and Right Wu Weis, the Left and Right Wei Weis, the Left and Right Lingjun Weis, the Left and Right Jinwu Weis, the Left and Right Jianmen Weis, and the Left and Right Qinniu Weis were the Sixteen Wei. They were established to strictly enforce military discipline and defense. One Zhanshi Fu, two Chunfang: there were the Left and Right Chunfang, as well as an Neifang in charge of various matters within the palace. Three Si: Jialing Si, Shuaijing Si, and Taifu Si. Ten Lüe: the Left and Right Wei, the Left and Right Siyu, the Left and Right Qingdao, the Left and Right Jianmen, and the Left and Right Neishi—these formed ten Lüe Fu. They were responsible for managing the imperial palace. Pastors, governors, and military commanders were assigned to oversee different regions: the capital prefecture was placed under a Mu (pastor), while other prefectures and states had Dudu, Duhu, or Taishou. Officials were appointed to manage the system, and envoys were assigned to coordinate it. Ancha, Cai Fang, and other envoys managed prefectures and counties. Jiedu, Tuanlian, and other envoys oversaw military affairs in the prefectural armies. Zuyong, Zhuanyun, Yantie, Qingmiao, Yingtian, and other envoys were responsible for managing financial resources. Other minor affairs also had specific envoys appointed as needed; they could not all be enumerated in detail. The various envoys below the level of Zhuanyun had no fixed jurisdictions, and their appointments were irregular; therefore, they are not separately listed in this section. From the sixth rank downward, officials were generally appointed through the Xuancao (Office of Officials), and those holding office served for a term limited to five years. Thus, all departments functioned properly, and various affairs were well managed; this was also the system of one dynasty. One year constituted one Kao (evaluation period), and four Kao periods with replacements marked a full term. If there was no replacement, then the official would serve for five Kao periods before being dismissed. For officials of sixth rank and below, appointments were made by the Lishu Bu (Ministry of Personnel) and called "Zhi Shou" (imperial appointment). Those above fifth rank were all appointed directly through imperial decree. After the Dide period, there were many difficulties throughout the empire. The selection of talented individuals and recognition of meritorious service led to frequent special appointments by imperial decree, surpassing the authority of the Lishu Bu. As a result, concurrent examinations and appointments as Yiwailang (extra quota officials) far exceeded regular official quotas. Since the Guangde period, regulations and limits were established: extra quota officials in prefectures and counties, as well as concurrently appointed officials, each had fixed quotas. It was also stated that those exceeding the quota limit could not be considered for official positions. Those who held redundant posts as imperial officials and possessed distinguished backgrounds or reputations, while also holding prefectural or county positions, were said to "occupy a vacancy," thus following the same precedent as regular quota appointments. Officials would be replaced after three Kao periods, or dismissed after four if there was no replacement; thus, the order of official appointments became regular and established. |
《要略 - Essentials 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 要略: | 官數 官品 設官沿革 封爵 三公 宰相 三老五更 祿秩 |
| Official numbers Official ranks Evolution of official appointments Titles of nobility The Three Dukes Prime ministers The Three Elders and Five Generations Officials' salaries and ranks | ||
| 2 | 要略: | 官數 |
| Number of officials | ||
| 3 | 要略: | 唐六十員，虞六十員。尚書云：「建官惟百。」鄭玄云：「虞官六十，唐官未聞。堯舜同道，或皆六十。并屬官而言，則皆有百。」 |
| Tang had sixty officials, Yu also had sixty officials. The Shangshu says: "Establishing officials is only for a hundred." Zheng Xuan said: "Yu had sixty officials, but Tang's officials are not known. Yao and Shun followed the same way; they may both have had sixty officials. Including subordinate officials, then there were all one hundred." | ||
| 4 | 要略: | 夏百二十員。尚書云：「夏、商官倍。」則當二百。鄭玄曰：「百二十。」 |
| Xia had 120 officials. The Shangshu states: "The number of officials in Xia and Shang doubled." Then it should be 200. Zheng Xuan said: "120." | ||
| 5 | 要略: | 殷二百四十員。明堂位「二百」。鄭玄曰：「二百四十。」 |
| Yin had 240 officials. Mingtangwei mentions "two hundred." Zheng Xuan said: "Two hundred and forty." | ||
| 6 | 要略: | 周六萬三千六百七十五員。內二千六百四十三人，外諸侯國官六萬一千三十二人。按禮記王制計之。殷制周。 |
| Zhou had 63,675 officials. There were 2,643 people inside and 61,032 officials in the various feudal states outside. According to calculations from the Li Ji Wangzhi. Yin system Zhou. | ||
| 7 | 要略: | 漢自丞相至佐史，凡十三萬二百八十五員。哀帝時，數兼諸府州郡胥吏。 |
| From the Prime Minister to assistant historians in the Han dynasty, there were a total of 130,285 officials. During the reign of Emperor Ai, the number included clerks from various government offices and local administrative units. | ||
| 8 | 要略: | 後漢七千五百六十七員。 |
| The Later Han had 7,567 officials. | ||
| 9 | 要略: | 晉六千八百三十六員。 |
| lø The Jin dynasty had 6,836 officials. | ||
| 10 | 要略: | 宋六千一百七十二員。 |
| The Song dynasty had 6,172 officials. | ||
| 11 | 要略: | 齊二千一百三員。 |
| Qi had 2,013 officials. | ||
| 12 | 要略: | 後魏七千七百六十四員。 |
| The Northern Wei dynasty had 7,764 officials. | ||
| 13 | 要略: | 北齊二千三百二十二員。並內官。 |
| Northern Qi had 2,322 officials. Including palace officials. | ||
| 14 | 要略: | 後周二千九百八十九員。並內官。 |
| The Later Zhou had 2,989 officials. Including palace officials. | ||
| 15 | 要略: | 隋一萬二千五百七十六員。內官二千五百八十一，外郡縣官九千九百九十五。 |
| The Sui dynasty had 12,576 officials. There were 2,581 palace officials and 9,995 officials in the outer prefectures and counties. | ||
| 16 | 要略: | 大唐一萬八千八百五員。內官二千六百二十一，外郡縣官一萬六千一百八十五。 |
| The Great Tang had 18,805 officials. There were 2,621 palace officials and 16,185 officials in the outer prefectures. | ||
| 17 | 要略: | 官品：周官九命。 |
| Official ranks: Zhou dynasty officials had nine levels of rank. | ||
| 18 | 要略: | 漢自中二千石至百石，凡十六等。 |
| From Zhong Erqianshi to Bai Shi in the Han dynasty, there were 16 ranks in total. | ||
| 19 | 要略: | 後漢自中二千石至斗食，凡十三等。 |
| In the Later Han dynasty, from Zhong Erqianshi down to Doushi, there were a total of thirteen ranks. | ||
| 20 | 要略: | 魏秩次多因漢制，更置九品。 |
| The Wei dynasty mostly followed the Han system for official ranks but reorganized them into nine grades. | ||
| 21 | 要略: | 晉、宋、齊並因之。 |
| Jin, Song, and Qi all followed this system. | ||
| 22 | 要略: | 梁因之，更置十八班，班多為貴。 |
| Liang followed it as well but reorganized into eighteen classes, with higher classes being more prestigious. | ||
| 23 | 要略: | 陳並因之。 |
| Chen also followed this system. | ||
| 24 | 要略: | 後魏置九品，品各置從，凡十八品。自四品以下，每品分為上下階，凡三十階。 |
| The Northern Wei established nine grades, with each grade having a corresponding "cong" rank, making a total of eighteen ranks. From the fourth grade downward, each grade was divided into upper and lower divisions, resulting in a total of thirty divisions. | ||
| 25 | 要略: | 北齊並因之。 |
| Northern Qi also followed this system. | ||
| 26 | 要略: | 後周制九命，每命分為二，以正為上，凡十八命。 |
| The Later Zhou established nine ranks, with each rank divided into two divisions, the "zheng" being higher, resulting in a total of eighteen ranks. | ||
| 27 | 要略: | 隋置九品，品各有從。自四品以下，每品分為上下，凡三十階，自太師始焉，謂之流內。流內自此始焉。煬帝除上下階，唯留正、從各九品。又置視正二品至九品，品各有從，自行臺尚書令始焉，謂之視流內。視流內自此始。 |
| The Sui dynasty established nine grades, each grade having its own "cong." From the fourth grade downward, every grade was divided into upper and lower ranks, resulting in a total of 30 divisions. Starting from Taishi, this system was known as "liu nei." The system of liu nei began here. Emperor Yang abolished the upper and lower divisions, retaining only nine grades each for zheng and cong. They also established ranks equivalent to the second through ninth grades, with each having a cong rank. Starting from Xingtai Shangshuliu, these were known as "shi liu nei." The system of shi liu nei began here. | ||
| 28 | 要略: | 大唐自流內以上，並因隋制。又置視正五品、視從七品，以署薩寶及正祓，謂之視流內。又置勳品九品，自諸衛錄事及五省令史始焉，謂之流外。流外自此始。勳品自齊梁即有之。 |
| In the Great Tang, all ranks above liu nei followed the Sui dynasty's system. They also established grades equivalent to fifth grade zheng and seventh grade cong, for positions such as Shusaobao and Zhengfu, known as shi liu nei. They also established nine grades for military merit ranks, starting from various Wei Lu Shi and Wu Sheng Ling Shi positions, known as liu wai. The system of liu wai began here. Military merit ranks had already existed since the Qi and Liang dynasties. | ||
| 29 | 要略: | 設官沿革略舉崇著者。其當部之官長，雖品秩下者，亦附此。 |
| Evolution of official appointments briefly mention those that are prominent. Even if the head officials in charge were of lower rank, they are also attached here. | ||
| 30 | 要略: | 黃帝：六相堯有十六相。為之輔相，不必名官。 |
| Huangdi: Six prime ministers Yao had sixteen prime ministers. They served as assistants and prime ministers, without necessarily having official titles. | ||
| 31 | 要略: | 少昊：司徒、前漢嘗加大，後漢又加大。司馬、項羽加大，漢以後曰大，後周又加大。司空、前漢加大，改御史大夫為之。後周又加大。司寇。後周有內司寇卿，後又加大。 |
| Shaohao: Siku, The Former Han once added a title; the Later Han also added one again. Simǎ, Xiang Yu added a title, after the Han it was called "Da," and in the Later Zhou another addition was made. Sikong, In the Former Han a title was added; the position of Yushi Daifu was changed to serve this role. The Later Zhou also added another title. Sikou. The Later Zhou had an Nei Sikou Qing, and later added another title again. | ||
| 32 | 要略: | 唐：羲和、羲仲、羲叔、和仲、和叔、州牧。 |
| Tang: Xihe, Xizhong, Xishu, Hezhong, Heshu, Zhoumu. | ||
| 33 | 要略: | 虞：太師、太保、納言、隋及大唐嘗改侍中為之。后稷、秩宗、士、共工、虞。 |
| Yu: Taishi, Taobao, Nayan, The Sui and the Great Tang once changed Shizhong to serve this role. Houji, Zhizong, Shi, Gonggong, Yu. | ||
| 34 | 要略: | 夏：九卿。 |
| Xia: Nine Qing officials. | ||
| 35 | 要略: | 商：太宰、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳改太師為之。太宗、太史、太祝、太士、太卜、司士、司土、司木、司水、司草、司器、司貨、太子太師、太子太保、太子太傅、太子少傅、方伯。 |
| Shang: Taizai, The Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties changed Taishi to serve this role. Taizong, Taishi, Tai zhu, Taishi, Taibu, Sishi, Situ, Simu, Shui, Saocao, Siqi, Sihuo, Taishitai shi, Taibaotai bao, Taifu tai fu, Shaofu, Fangbo. | ||
| 36 | 要略: | 周：太傅、少師、少保、冢宰、後周加大。宗伯、後周加大。內史、秦置內史，治京師，如諸郡守。後周有內史中丞大夫。隋改中書為內史監令。大唐亦嘗以中書為內史。太僕正、至漢為太僕。梁為卿。大唐嘗為司馭卿，又嘗為司僕卿。大將軍、自戰國時楚置。前後左右將軍。周末置。 |
| Zhou: Taifu, Shaoshi, Shaobao, Zhongzai, Later Zhou added a title. Zongbo, Later Zhou added another title. Neishi, The Qin dynasty established Neishi to govern the capital region, similar to the governors of other commanderies. In the Later Zhou there was a Neishi Zhongcheng Dafu. The Sui dynasty changed Zhongshu to Neishi Jianling. The Great Tang also once used Zhongshu as Neishi. Taifu Zheng, By the Han dynasty it became Taifu. In Liang it was a Qing official. The Great Tang once had the position of Siyu Qing, and also once had Sifu Qing. Dajiangjun, Established by Chu during the Warring States period. Qianhou Zuoyou Jiangjun. Established at the end of the Zhou dynasty. | ||
| 37 | 要略: | 秦：太尉。左右丞相、丞相、後周末加大。相國。侍中、本丞相史，隋改為納言，又改為侍內。大唐嘗為納言，或為左相，或為黃門監。黃門侍郎，後周納言大夫。大唐為鸞臺侍郎，又改為門下侍郎。散騎常侍。魏加侍郎，又加員外，又加通直。大唐分為左右。少府吏，在殿中主發書，謂之尚書，四人。漢置五人，其一人為僕射，四人分曹。後漢為五曹。至晉有六曹。尚書令、僕射、漢置左右。大唐嘗改為左右匡政，或為左右丞相，武太后嘗為文昌左右相。尚書丞。至漢置四人。後漢減二人，為左右丞。大唐嘗為左右肅機。御史大夫、大唐嘗為大司憲，武太后又嘗改為肅政，又分為左右。奉常、漢改曰太常，後改曰奉常，又改為太常。後漢為奉常，自後為太常。梁謂之卿。大唐嘗為奉常卿，又嘗為司禮卿。郎中令、漢為光祿勳。後漢嘗為郎中令。魏為光祿勳。梁除勳字，謂之卿。大唐嘗為司宰卿，又嘗為司膳卿，又為光祿卿。衛尉、漢嘗為中大夫令。至梁，謂之卿。至大唐，嘗為司衛卿。宗正、漢嘗改為宗伯。至大唐，嘗為司宗卿，又嘗為司屬卿。治粟內史、漢改曰大農令，又改曰大司農。後漢末為大農。魏為司農。至梁謂之卿。後魏又加大。大唐嘗為司稼卿。主爵中尉、漢以右扶風代之。廷尉、二漢、梁、北齊為大理。梁謂之卿，徐代曰廷尉。大唐嘗為詳刑卿，又為大理卿。典客、漢改為大鴻臚，又嘗曰大行。至梁，除大字，謂之卿。大唐為同文卿，又嘗為司賓卿，又為鴻臚卿。典屬國、少府、至梁謂之卿。大唐嘗為內府監，亦嘗為尚方監，又為少府監。將作少府、漢改為大匠。梁為大匠卿。隋為將作大監，又改為大匠。大唐亦嘗為大匠，又嘗為繕工監，又嘗為營繕監，又為將作監。中尉。漢武更名執金吾。中書謁者令、僕射。至漢嘗以宦者為之。魏為中書監令，專掌機務。隋為內史監令，尋改為內史，又改為內書，又為內史令。大唐復為中書令，嘗為右相，又為內史，又為紫薇令。詹事、大唐嘗改為端尹，又嘗改為宮尹、少詹事，並為少尹。中庶子、庶子、晉改庶子為左右。隋罷中。大唐嘗為左右中護。太子家令、大唐嘗為宮府大夫。率更令、大唐嘗為司更大夫。僕。大唐嘗為御僕大夫。率內史、理京師，漢分為左右，又置京兆尹、左馮翊代之。郡守、漢改為太守。後魏每部置三太守。隋置通守。魏之二守，隋之通守，並佐貳。大中二大夫。大唐並為文散。 |
| Qin: Taivwei. Zuoyou Chengxiang, Chengxiang, Added in the Later Zhou. Xiangguo. Shizhong, Originally a clerk of the prime minister; in the Sui dynasty it was changed to Nayan and then to Shinei. The Great Tang once used it as Nayan, or sometimes as Zuoxiang, or Huangmen Jian. Huangmen Shilang, Later Zhou Nayan Dafu. In the Great Tang it was Luantai Shilang and later changed to Menxia Shilang. Sanqi Changshi. In the Wei dynasty, Shilang was added, then Yuanwai, and later Tongzhi. The Great Tang divided it into left and right positions. Shaofu Li, stationed in the palace to oversee document distribution, were called Shangshu, four people in total. The Han dynasty established five positions; one was the Puye and the other four were divided into departments. In the Later Han, it became Five Cao. By the Jin dynasty, there were six departments. Shangshu Ling, Puye, The Han dynasty established left and right positions. In the Great Tang they were once changed to Zuokuang Zheng, or sometimes Zuoyou Chengxiang; Empress Wu Zetian once held them as Wenchang Zuoyou Xiang. Shangshu Cheng. By the Han dynasty, four positions were established. In the Later Han two positions were reduced, becoming Zuoyou Cheng. In the Great Tang they once became Zuoyou Sujī. Yushi Dafa, In the Great Tang it was once changed to Dashixian; Empress Wu Zetian also once renamed it Sujing and divided it into left and right. Fengchang, The Han dynasty changed its name to Taichang; later it was renamed Fengchang again and then changed back to Taichang. In the Later Han it was called Fengchang, and from then on it became known as Taichang. The Liang dynasty referred to it as Qing. In the Great Tang, it was once called Fengchang Qing and also once named Sili Qing. Langzhong Ling, In the Han dynasty it became Guanglu Xun. In the Later Han it was once Langzhong Ling. In the Wei dynasty it became Guanglu Xun again. The Liang dynasty removed the character "Xun" and referred to it as Qing instead. In the Great Tang, it was sometimes called Sizai Qing, at other times Silian Qing, and also Guanglu Qing. Weiyi, The Han dynasty once named it Zhongdafa Ling. By the Liang dynasty, it was referred to as Qing. In the Great Tang dynasty, it was once known as Siwei Qing. Zongzheng, The Han dynasty once changed its name to Zongbo. By the Great Tang dynasty, it had once been called Sizong Qing and also at times Sishu Qing. Zhisu Neishi, The Han dynasty renamed it Dang Ling, then changed it again to Dashinong. At the end of the Later Han, it was known as Danong. In the Wei dynasty, it became Sinong. By the Liang dynasty it was referred to as Qing instead. The Later Wei added Da (Grand) again. In the Great Tang, it had once been known as Sijia Qing. Zhuque Zhongwei, The Han dynasty replaced it with Youfufeng. Tingwei, During the two Han dynasties, Liang, and Bei Qi, it was called Dali. The Liang dynasty referred to it simply as Qing; during the Xu dynasty it was again called Tingwei. In the Great Tang, it once became Xiangxing Qing and also Dali Qing. Dianke, The Han dynasty changed it to Dahonglu, and at times called it Daxing. By the Liang dynasty, the character "Da" was removed and it was referred to simply as Qing. In the Great Tang, it became Tongwen Qing; at times it was also called Sibin Qing and Honglu Qing. Dianshu Guo, Shaofu, By the Liang dynasty they were referred to as Qing. In the Great Tang, they had once been Neifu Jian, also at times Shangfang Jian, and later Shaofu Jian. Jiangzuo Shaofu, The Han dynasty changed the name to Dajiang. In the Liang dynasty it became Dajiang Qing. The Sui dynasty changed it to Jiangzuo Dajian, and later renamed it again as Dajiang. In the Great Tang, it also once became Dajiang, at times Shanguan Jian, at other times Yingshuan Jian, and finally Jiangzuo Jian. Zhongwei. Emperor Wu of the Han changed its name to Zhijinwu. Zhongshu Yezhai Ling, Puye. By the Han dynasty it was sometimes held by eunuchs. In the Wei dynasty, Zhongshu Jianling were established to exclusively oversee confidential affairs. The Sui dynasty renamed them Neishi Jianling, later changed it to Neishi, then again to Neishu, and finally to Neishi Ling. In the Great Tang they reverted to Zhongshu Ling; at times they were also called Youxiang, Neishi, and Zuiwei Ling. Zhanshi, In the Great Tang, it was at times changed to Duanyin, and also renamed Gongyin, Shaoshan Shi, all of which were equivalent to Shaoyin. Zhongshuzi, Shuzi, The Jin dynasty changed the title of Shuzi to Zuoyou. The Sui dynasty abolished Zhong (Middle). In the Great Tang, they were once called Zuoyou Zhonghu. Taizi Jialing, In the Great Tang was once changed to Gongfu Dafa. Shuaijing Ling, In the Great Tang had once been changed to Sidi Dafa. Pu. In the Great Tang, it was changed to Yupu Dafa. Shuai Neishi, To manage the capital city, the Han dynasty divided it into left and right departments, and also established Jingzhao Yin, Zuofengyi to replace them. Junshou, The Han dynasty changed their title to Taishou. In the Later Wei, three Taishous were appointed for each department. The Sui dynasty established Tongshou. The two Shous of the Wei and the Tongshou of the Sui were all deputy officials. Dazhong Er Dafa. In the Great Tang they became civilian officials of literary rank. | ||
| 38 | 要略: | 漢：領尚書事、至後漢為錄尚書事。三公曹尚書。常侍曹尚書，主公卿事。後漢改為吏曹，主選舉，又為選部。魏為吏部。宋嘗置兩員。大唐嘗改為司列太常伯，又嘗為天官。中書侍郎、東晉嘗為通事郎。隋為內史侍郎，又為內師侍郎。大唐為內史侍郎，又為中書侍郎，又為紫薇侍郎。御史中丞、後魏曰中尉。大唐改治書侍御史為之，嘗為司憲大夫。光祿大夫、優寵者則加銀章青綬。至魏晉則又加金章紫綬。齊嘗置左右。至隋為散官。中散大夫。王莽置。大唐為文散。太皇太后卿長信少府、太后以下卿，以至於陳，自後魏無。皇太后卿長信少府、皇后卿大長秋。隋有令。大唐改為內侍。中常侍。大唐為內常侍。都水使者。至宋嘗為水衡令。梁曰大舟卿。隋嘗為都水監。大唐嘗為司津監，又嘗為水衡都尉。驃騎、後漢加大將軍。大唐為武散。游擊、大唐為武散。衛、車騎、驍騎、梁置左右。伏波、上、騎、材官、輕車、樓船、橫海、護軍、至大唐為勳官。度遼、貳師、蒲類、強弩、戈船、奮威、建威、積射二十一將軍。奉車、騎、駙馬三都尉。至梁，尚主者為之。司隸校尉、督察三輔。隋有司隸大夫。大唐京畿採訪使亦其職。刺史、刺舉郡縣。至隋治人。都護。京兆尹、左馮翊、右扶風。特進、大唐為文散。諸加官。左右曹諸吏、散騎、中常侍、侍中為之。 |
| Han: Ling Shangshu Shi, By the Later Han it became Lu Shangshu Shi. The Three Dukes' Cao Shangshu. Changshi Cao Shangshu, overseeing the affairs of senior officials and ministers. In the Later Han it was changed to Licao, responsible for appointments and examinations, also known as Xuanbu. In the Wei dynasty it became Libu. The Song dynasty once established two positions. In the Great Tang, it was occasionally changed to Silei Taichangbo and at other times referred to as Tian Guan. Zhongshu Shilang, The Eastern Jin dynasty once called it Tongshi Lang. In the Sui dynasty it became Neishi Shilang and later also Nishi Shilang. In the Great Tang, it first became Neishi Shilang, then Zhongshu Shilang and finally Zuiwei Shilang. Yushi Zhongcheng, In the Later Wei it was called Zhongwei. In the Great Tang, Zhisu Shiyushi were changed to hold this position and at times they were known as Suxian Dafa. Guanglu Dafa, Those who received special favor would be granted silver seals and green silk sashes. By the Wei and Jin dynasties they were again awarded gold seals and purple silk sashes. The Qi dynasty once established left and right positions. By the Sui dynasty, they became civilian officials without administrative duties. Zhongsan Dafa. Established by Wang Mang. In the Great Tang, it belonged to civilian officials of literary rank. Taohuang Taifei Qing Changxin Shaofu, Qing ranks for empress dowagers and below, down to Chen, were abolished after the Later Wei. Huangtaihou Qing Changxin Shaofu; Huanghou Qing Dachangqiu. The Sui dynasty had Ling (commander). In the Great Tang, it changed to Neishi. Zhongchangshi. In the Great Tang it became Neichangshi. Dushui Shizhe. By the Song dynasty, it was at times called Shuheng Ling. In the Liang dynasty, it became Dazhou Qing. The Sui dynasty once called it Dudushu Jian. In the Great Tang, it at times became Sijin Jian and also Shuheng Duyi. Biaoqi, the Later Han added Da Jiangjun. In the Great Tang it was Wusan. Youji, in the Great Tang became Wusan. Wei, Cheqi, Xiaoqi, the Liang dynasty established left and right posts. Fubo, Shang, Qi, Cai guan, Qingche, Louchuan, Henghai, Hujun, by the Great Tang they became Xun officials. Duliao, Ershi, Pulv, Qiangnu, Gechuan, Fenwei, Jianwei, Jishe, twenty-one generals. Fengche, Qi, Fuma San Duyi. By the Liang dynasty, those who married princesses held this position. Sili Jiao Wei, supervised Sanfu. The Sui dynasty had Silidafu. In the Great Tang, the Jingji Cai Fang Shi also held this duty. Cishi, inspected and supervised commanderies and counties. By the Sui dynasty, they governed people. Duhu. Jingzhao Yin, Zuofengyi, Youfufeng. Tejin, in the Great Tang was Wusan (civil official rank). Various honorary titles. Left and Right Cao Zhuli, Sanqi, Zhongchangshi, Shizhong held these positions. | ||
| 39 | 要略: | 後漢：賊曹尚書。尚書侍郎三十六人。初稱尚書郎中，滿歲稱尚書郎，三歲稱侍郎，五歲遷大縣令。魏有尚書郎。晉又有郎中。隋初置三十六侍郎，後置員外郎一人，後又六曹各置侍郎，每曹有郎，有員外郎。大唐改曹郎為郎中。祕書監。後又置令。大唐嘗為蘭臺太史，少監為侍郎，又嘗為麟臺。武衛、至隋置左右。大唐為左右鷹揚衛。輔國、晉加大。宋改為輔師。大唐為武散。四征、四鎮、四安、虎牙、征虜、捕虜、橫野、鷹揚、討逆、討虜、破虜等將軍。四中郎將、都督。至晉加大。河南尹、留守。班同三司、前漢文帝以宋昌為衛將軍，亞三司，未為官也。儀同三司。魏有開府儀同三司。晉又有開府儀同三司。後魏有儀同三司。北齊有開府儀同三司，又有儀同三司。後周有開府儀同，又有上開府儀同大將軍。至隋為散官，又諸衛各置開府一人。八座。 |
| Later Han: Zeicao Shangshu. Shangshu Shilang, thirty-six people. Initially called Shangshu Langzhong; after one year, they were called Shangshu Lang; after three years, they became Shilang; and after five years, they would be transferred to serve as the magistrates of major counties. The Wei dynasty had Shangshu Lang. The Jin dynasty also had Langzhong. In the early Sui dynasty, thirty-six Shilangs were established; later one Yuanwai Lang was added. Later still, each of the six Cao departments had a Shilang assigned to it, and in each department there were Langs and Yuanwai Langa. In the Great Tang, Cao Lang was changed to Langzhong. Mishu Jian. Later, the position of Ling was also established. In the Great Tang it at times became Lantai Taishi, with Shaolian as Shilang; and also at times was calledlintai. Wuwei, by the Sui dynasty left and right positions were established. In the Great Tang it became Zuoyou Yingyang Wei. Fuguo, the Jin dynasty added Da (Grand). The Song dynasty changed it to Fushi. In the Great Tang, it was Wusan (military official rank). Sizheng, Sizhen, Si'an, Huya, Zhenglu, Bulu, Hengye, Yingyang, Tanni, Taolu, Polu and other generals. Sizhonglang Jiang, Dudu. By the Jin dynasty, Da (Grand) was added. Henan Yin, Liushou. Ban Tong Sansi, In the Former Han, Emperor Wendi appointed Song Chang as Weijiangjun, second to Sansi; it was not yet an official post. Yitong Sansi. The Wei dynasty had Kaifu Yitong Sansi. The Jin dynasty also had Kaifu Yitong Sansi. The Later Wei had Yitong Sansi. The Northern Qi dynasty had Kaifu Yitongsansi, and also had Yitongsansi. The Later Zhou had Kaifuyitong, and also had Shangkaifuyitongdajiangjun. By the Sui dynasty it became a Wusan (honorary official rank), and each of the various Weis established one Kaifu. Bazuo. | ||
| 40 | 要略: | 魏：五兵尚書、至後魏有七兵尚書。隋曰兵部。大唐嘗為司戎太常伯，或為夏官，或為武部，又為兵部。度支尚書、吳有戶部。晉以後為度支。至隋為民部。大唐嘗為度支，又為戶部。祠部曹尚書。至後魏有儀曹尚書。後周有禮部。隋置禮部尚書。大唐嘗為司禮太常伯，或為春官，又為禮部。殿中監。秩甚卑。隋曰殿內監。大唐嘗為中禦府大監。中衛、晉分為左右衛將軍。隋改為左右翊衛。大唐復為左右衛。中領軍、尋改曰領軍。隋改為左右屯衛。大唐嘗為左右戎衛，又嘗為左右玉鈐衛，又為左右領軍。鎮軍、冠軍、游騎、大唐並為武散。四平、鎮北、虎威、撫軍、淩江、寧朔等將軍。行臺。 |
| Wei: Wubing Shangshu, by the Later Wei there was Qibing Shangshu. In the Sui dynasty it was called Bingbu. In the Great Tang, at times it was Sirong Taichangbo, or Xia Guan, or Wubu, and also Bingbu. Du zhi shangshu, the Wu dynasty had Hubu. After the Jin dynasty it became Du zhi. By the Sui dynasty, it was Minbu. In the Great Tang, at one time it was Du zhi, and also Hubu. Cibu Cao Shangshu. By the Later Wei, there was Yicao Shangshu. The Later Zhou had Libu. The Sui dynasty established the position of Libu Shangshu. In the Great Tang, at times this was Siri Taichangbo or Chungan, and also Libu. Dianzhong Jian. The rank was very low. In the Sui dynasty, it became Diannai Jian. In the Great Tang, at times, it was Zhongyu Fu Dajian. Zhongwei, the Jin dynasty divided them into Zuowei Jiangjun and Youwei Jiangjun. The Sui dynasty changed it to Zuoyi Wei and Youyi Wei. In the Great Tang, they were restored as Zuowei and Youwei. Zhonglingjun, later changed to Lingjun. The Sui dynasty changed them to Zuotun Wei and You Tun Wei. In the Great Tang, at times they were Zuorong Wei and Yourong Wei; also at times they became Zuoyuqian Wei and Youyuqian Wei; and again as Zuolingjun and Youlingjun. Zhenjun, Guanjun, Youqi, in the Great Tang all became Wusan (military ranks). Siping, Zhenbei, Huwei, Fujun, Lingjiang, Ningsuo and other generals. Xingtai. | ||
| 41 | 要略: | 晉：三公尚書，掌刑獄。起部尚書。有事即置，事畢即省。國子祭酒。唯宋曰總明觀祭酒。大唐嘗為大司成，又為成均祭酒。中軍、龍驤、寧遠。大唐為武散。 |
| Jin: San Gong Shangshu, in charge of criminal cases and prisons. Qibu Shangshu. The position was established when there were matters to attend to, and abolished once the affairs were completed. Guozi Jijiu. Only in the Song dynasty was it called Zongming Guan Jijiu. In the Great Tang, at times he became Dasci Cheng, and also Chengjun Jijiu. Zhongjun, Longxiang, Ningyuan. In the Great Tang they were Wusan (military rank). | ||
| 42 | 要略: | 宋：殿中將軍。 |
| Song: Dianzhong Jiangjun. | ||
| 43 | 要略: | 齊：都官尚書。至隋改為刑部。大唐嘗為司刑太常伯，又嘗為秋官，又改為憲部，又為刑部。 |
| Qi: Douguan Shangshu. By the Sui dynasty, this was changed to Xingbu. In the Great Tang, at first it became Sxixing Taichangbo; later also known as Qiuguan. It was then changed to Xianbu and finally became Xingbu. | ||
| 44 | 要略: | 梁：太府卿。大唐嘗為外府卿，又嘗為司府卿。雲麾、中武、壯武、明威、定遠、大唐並為武散。宇宙等大將軍。始以太常等名卿，分為四時，凡十二卿。 |
| Liang: Taifu Qing. In the Great Tang, it once became Wai Fu Qing and also Sifu Qing. Yunhui, Zhongwu, Zhuangwu, Mingwei, Dingyuan, in the Great Tang were all Wusan (military titles). Yuzhou and other Dajiangjun. Originally, the title Qing was given to Taichang and others, divided according to the four seasons, totaling twelve Qings. | ||
| 45 | 要略: | 後魏：柱國、至大唐為勳官。天柱二大將軍。諸少卿。 |
| Later Wei: Zhugu, by the Great Tang became Xun officials (honorary military ranks). Tianzhu Er Dajiangjun. Zhu Shaoqing. | ||
| 46 | 要略: | 後周：軍器。 |
| Later Zhou: Junqi. | ||
| 47 | 要略: | 隋：左右武候府大將軍、大唐為金吾衛。左右監門府將軍。大唐改府為衛。大總管。通守。佐太守。折衝府。正議、通議、朝議、朝請、朝散等大夫。左右驍衛府。大唐除府字。 |
| Sui: Zuo You Wuhou Fu Dajiangjun, in the Great Tang became Jinyu Wei (Imperial Guards). Zuo You Jianmen Fu Jiangjun. In the Great Tang, the term Fu was changed to Wei (Guard). Datongguan. Tongshou. Assistant to the Taishou (governor). Zhechong Fu. Zhengyi, Tongyi, Chaoyi, Chaoqing, Chaosan and other Dafu (officials). Zuo You Xiao Wei Fu. In the Great Tang, "Fu" was removed from the title. | ||
| 48 | 要略: | 大唐：太子賓客。漢之四皓，非官。左右千牛衛、左右屯營、後改為羽林軍，嘗改為衛。左右威衛、嘗改左右豹韜衛。左右龍武將軍。平章事、知政事、參知機務、同中書門下三品、平章軍國重事。節度使、採訪使。宣威、武散。懷化、歸德等將軍。並武散，以授歸義蕃官。 |
| Great Tang: Taizi Binka (Attendant to the Crown Prince). The Four Sages of Han were not officials. Zuo You Qiniu Wei, Zuo You Tunying, later changed to Yulin Jun (Imperial Army), once also changed to Wei. Zuo You Weiwei, once changed to Zuo You Baochao Wei. Zuo You Longwu Jiangjun. Pingzhang Shi, Zhi Zhengshi, Canzhi Jiwu, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin, Pingzhang Junguo Chongshi. Jiedushi, Caifang Shi. Xuanwei, Wusan (military title). Huaihua, Guide and other Jiangjun. All were Wusan titles, granted to native officials of the Guiyi tribes. | ||
| 49 | 要略: | 封爵：黃帝，方制萬里，為萬國，各百里。 |
| Titles of nobility: The Yellow Emperor divided the land into ten thousand li and established ten thousand states, each covering a hundred li. | ||
| 50 | 要略: | 唐虞夏，建國凡五等，曰公、侯、伯、子、男。 |
| Tang, Yu, and Xia dynasties established five ranks of fiefdoms: Gong (duke), Hou (marquis), Bo (viscount), Zi (earl), Nan. | ||
| 51 | 要略: | 殷，公、侯、伯三等。公百里，侯七十里，伯五十里。 |
| Yin had three ranks: Gong, Hou, and Bo. A Gong received a fief of one hundred li, a Hou seventy li, and a Bo fifty li. | ||
| 52 | 要略: | 周，公、侯、伯、子、男五等。公、侯百里，伯七十里，子、男五十里。周公居攝改制，大其封。公五百里，侯四百里，伯三百里，子二百里，男百里。 |
| Zhou had five ranks: Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Nan. A Gong and a Hou received fiefs of one hundred li; a Bo seventy li; and a Zi or Nan fifty li. When the Duke of Zhou acted as regent, he reformed the system and greatly expanded the fiefs. A Gong received five hundred li; a Hou four hundred li; a Bo three hundred li; a Zi two hundred li; and a Nan one hundred li. | ||
| 53 | 要略: | 秦爵二十等。最高徹侯，迺得食縣。其次關內侯，食租稅於關內。餘十八等，大庶長以下，則如吏職。 |
| The Qin dynasty had twenty ranks of noble titles. The highest rank, Chehou, was the only one entitled to a county as fief. The next rank, Guannei Hou, received land rents and taxes within the pass. The remaining eighteen ranks, from Dashuzhang downward, were similar to official positions. | ||
| 54 | 要略: | 漢，國王、國侯、亭侯三等。王皆裂地，侯以戶數為差，分人自此始。漢初論功封列侯者，凡百四十三人。食邑者除租，每戶一歲更輸錢二百。 |
| Han dynasty had three ranks of titles: Guowang (king), Guohou (marquis), Tinghou. Kings were all granted fiefs, while Hou titles varied according to the number of households; this system of dividing people began from here. In the early Han dynasty, a total of 143 individuals were ennobled as Liehou (feudal lords) for their military achievements. Those granted Yidi (fiefs) were exempt from land taxes, and each household paid 200 coins annually in lieu of service. | ||
| 55 | 要略: | 後漢亦三等。皇子封王，其郡為國。其列侯，雖寇、鄧元勳，不過四縣。 |
| The Later Han also had three ranks. Imperial sons were enfeoffed as kings, and their commanderies became states (guo). Their Liehou titles, even for great meritorious officials like Kou and Deng, did not exceed four counties. | ||
| 56 | 要略: | 魏，王、公、侯、伯、子、男，次縣侯，次鄉侯，次亭侯，次關內侯，凡九等。關內侯為虛封，自此始。 |
| Wei had nine ranks: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Nan; followed by Xianhou, Xianghou, Tinghou, Guanneihou. Guannei Hou became a nominal title from here onward. | ||
| 57 | 要略: | 晉亦有王、公、侯、伯、子、男，又有開國郡公、縣公、郡侯、縣侯、伯、子、男及鄉亭、關內等侯，凡十五等。王大國二萬戶，三軍，兵五千；次國一萬戶，二軍，兵三千；下國五千戶，一軍，兵千五百。其公之制如五千戶國。侯如不滿五千戶國，並置一軍，千人。其伯、子、男以下各有差，不置軍。 |
| Jin also had Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo Zi and Nan. In addition, there were Kai Guo Jun Gong (founding marquis of a commandery), Xian Gong (marquis of a county), Jun Hou (commandery marquis), Xian Hou (county marquis), Bo, Zi, Nan, as well as Xiangting and Guannei ranks of Hou. In total, there were fifteen ranks. A Wang with a large state had 20,000 households, three armies, and 5,000 soldiers; a medium-sized state had 10,000 households with two armies and 3,000 troops; a small state had 5,000 households, one army, and 1,500 soldiers. The rank of Gong was equivalent to a fief with 5,000 household. Hou titles were granted for states with fewer than 5,000 households; each was also assigned one army of 1,000 men. The ranks of Bo, Zi and Nan had varying distinctions but did not have armies. | ||
| 58 | 要略: | 宋皆因晉制，唯大小國皆三軍。至孝建中，凡國官屬不得稱臣於其主，改稱下官。 |
| Song followed the Jin system; however, all large and small states were granted three armies. During Xiaojianzhong, officials of fiefdoms could no longer address their lords as "Chen" (subject), but instead used the term "Xia Guan." | ||
| 59 | 要略: | 齊因之。 |
| Qi followed this practice. | ||
| 60 | 要略: | 梁因前代。定制：諸王言曰令，境內稱之曰殿下；公侯言曰教，境內稱之曰第下。皆自稱曰寡人。相已下表疏如臣而不稱臣，文書下群官皆曰告。 |
| Liang followed previous dynasties. Established regulations: When referring to a prince, one used the word "ling"; within his territory, he was addressed as "Diedia"; a Gong or Hou would be referred to as "jiao," and within their territories they were called "Di Xia." They all referred to themselves as "Gua Ren" (I, the humble one). Officials below the level of Xiang addressed their superiors in memorials as if they were subjects but did not use the term "Chen." In official documents sent to lower officials, they used the word "Gao" (notify). | ||
| 61 | 要略: | 陳有郡王、嗣王、藩王、開國郡公、開國縣公、侯、伯、子、男、沐食侯、鄉亭侯、開國中關外侯，凡十二等。 |
| Chen had twelve ranks: Junwang, Siwang, Fanwang, Kai Guo Jun Gong, Kai Guo Xian Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi Nan, Mushi Hou, Xiangting Hou, Kai Guo Zhongguanwai Hou. | ||
| 62 | 要略: | 後魏有王、開國郡公、散公、侯、散侯、伯、散伯、子、散子、男、散男，凡十一等。王食半，公三分食一，侯伯四分食一，子男五分食一。 |
| Later Wei had eleven ranks: Wang, Kai Guo Jun Gong; San Gong (Scattered Gong), Hou, San Hou (Scattered Hou), Bo, San Bo (Scattered Bo), Zi, San Zi (Scattered Zi), Nan, San Nan (Scattered Nan). A Wang received half the fief; a Gong one-third; a Hou or Bo one-fourth; and a Zi or Nan one-fifth. | ||
| 63 | 要略: | 北齊有王、公、侯、伯、子、男六等。 |
| Northern Qi had six ranks: Wang, Gong, Hou,Bo, Zi, Nan. | ||
| 64 | 要略: | 後周有公、侯、伯、子、男五等。 |
| Later Zhou had five ranks: Gong, Hou, Bo,Zi,Nan. | ||
| 65 | 要略: | 隋有國王、郡王、國公、郡公、縣公、侯、伯、子、男，凡九等。 |
| Sui had nine ranks: Guowang (King), Junwang, Guogong, Jun Gong, Xian Gong, Hou Bo Zi Nan. | ||
| 66 | 要略: | 大唐，國王、郡王、國公、郡公、開國郡公、縣公、開國侯、伯、子，凡九等。並無其土，加實封者，乃給租庸。自武德至天寶，實封者百餘家；自至德至大曆三年，實封者二百六十五家。 |
| Great Tang had nine ranks: Guowang, Junwang, Guogong (King of a state), Jun Gong, Kai Guo Jungong, Xian Gong, Kai Guo Hou, Bo and Zi. None actually held the land; those granted real fiefs were given rent and labor services instead. From Wude to Tianbao, more than one hundred families received actual fiefs; from Dide to the third year of Dali, 265 families were granted real fiefs. | ||
| 67 | 要略: | 三公：夏、商以前，云天子無爵，三公無官。伊尹曰：「三公調陰陽。」 |
| The Three Dukes: Before Xia and Shang dynasties, it was said that the Son of Heaven had no title, and the Three Dukes held no official posts. Yi Yin said: "The Three Dukes regulate yin and yang." | ||
| 68 | 要略: | 周以太師、太傅、太保曰三公。 |
| Zhou dynasty designated Taishi, Taifu, Taibao as the Three Dukes. | ||
| 69 | 要略: | 漢以丞相、大司馬、御史大夫為三公。 |
| Han dynasty considered Chengxiang (Prime Minister), Da Sima (Grand Marshal of War), and Yushi Dafu as the Three Dukes. | ||
| 70 | 要略: | 後漢又以太尉、司徒、司空為三公。天地災變即皆策免，自太尉徐防始焉。靈帝就長安拜張溫為太尉。三公在外，自溫始也。 |
| Later Han also designated Taiwei, Siku, Sikong as the Three Dukes. Whenever natural disasters or ominous changes occurred, officials were dismissed by imperial decree; this practice began with Taiwei Xu Fang. Emperor Lingdi conferred the title of Taiwei on Zhang Wen in Chang'an. The Three Dukes being stationed outside the capital began with him. | ||
| 71 | 要略: | 魏、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳、後魏、北齊皆以太尉、司徒、司空為三公。 |
| Wei, Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Later Wei and Northern Qi all designated Taiwei, Siku and Sikong as the Three Dukes. . | ||
| 72 | 要略: | 後周以太師、太傅、太保為三公。司徒為卿。 |
| Later Zhou designated Taishi, Taifu and Taibao as the three dukes. Siku was an official rank. | ||
| 73 | 要略: | 隋以太尉、司徒、司空為三公。 |
| Sui designated Taiwei, Siku and sikong as the three dukes. . | ||
| 74 | 要略: | 大唐因之。 |
| Great Tang followed this system. | ||
| 75 | 要略: | 宰相：黃帝置六相。 |
| Prime ministers: The Yellow Emperor appointed six Xiang (ministers). | ||
| 76 | 要略: | 堯有十六相。 |
| Yao had sixteen Xiang. | ||
| 77 | 要略: | 殷湯有左右相。 |
| Yin Tang had Zuo You Xiang (Left and Right Ministers). | ||
| 78 | 要略: | 周成王有左右相。 |
| King Cheng of Zhou also had Zuo You Xiang. | ||
| 79 | 要略: | 秦悼武王始置左右丞相，始皇又始置相國。 |
| Qin Dao Wu Wang first established the posts of Zuo You Chengxiang (Left and Right Chancellor), while Emperor Qin Shi Huang also first established Xiangguo. | ||
| 80 | 要略: | 漢置丞相，嘗置相國，或左右丞相，尋復舊。成帝改御史大夫為司空，與大司馬、丞相是為三公，皆宰相也。哀帝改丞相為大司徒，亦為宰相。 |
| The Han dynasty appointed a Chengxiang, sometimes an Xiangguo or Zuo You Chengxiang; these were later restored to the original system. Emperor Cheng changed Yushi Dafu into Sikong, who together with Da Sima and Chengxiang formed the Three Dukes; all were prime ministers. Emperor Ai changed Chengxiang into Da Situ, who was also a prime minister. | ||
| 81 | 要略: | 後漢以太尉、司徒、司空為宰相，獻帝復置宰相。 |
| The Later Han dynasty regarded Taiwei, Situ and Sikong as prime ministers; Emperor Xian restored the post of prime minister. | ||
| 82 | 要略: | 魏改丞相為司徒。而文帝復置中書監、令，並掌機密，自是中書多為樞機之任，亦宰相也。又置大丞相及相國。 |
| Wei changed Chengxiang to Situ. Emperor Wen then reestablished Zhongshu Jian and Ling, who jointly managed confidential affairs. From then on, the Zhongshu often assumed the role of central authority; they were also prime ministers. They also established posts for Da Chengxiang and Xiangguo. | ||
| 83 | 要略: | 晉惠帝改丞相為司徒，尋復舊，俱為宰相。而中書監、令，常管機要，亦是相也。 |
| Jin Huidi changed Chengxiang to Situ, but soon restored the original title; both were prime ministers. Meanwhile, Zhongshu Jian and Ling often managed important affairs; they too were considered as Xiang (prime ministers). | ||
| 84 | 要略: | 宋齊梁陳，並相因習，或為丞相，或為相國，多非尋常人臣之職。或掌機密，或錄尚書，或綜朝權，或管朝政，或為侍中，或給事中，或受顧命，皆為宰相。然中書職任機務之司，不必他名，亦為宰相。其有侍中兼外官，若宋王弘，侍中兼內官，若沈演之，其例不少，即非宰相，並在當時委任而已。 |
| The Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties all followed this tradition; the posts were sometimes Chengxiang or Xiangguo, but in most cases they did not belong to ordinary officials. Some managed confidential affairs, some recorded Shangshu (Ministry of Works), some controlled court authority, some administered court administration, or served as Shizhong, Geishi Zhong, or received imperial instructions; all were prime ministers. However, the Zhongshu was responsible for managing important affairs and did not need another title; it was also considered a prime minister. There were many cases where Shizhong held concurrent external posts, such as Song Wang Hong; or internal posts, like Shen Yanzhi. These examples are numerous. Even if they were not prime ministers, these appointments reflected the authority granted to them at that time. | ||
| 85 | 要略: | 後魏、北齊亦置丞相，俱為宰相。尤重門下官，多以侍中輔政，亦宰相也。 |
| The Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties also established the post of Chengxiang; they were all prime ministers. They especially valued officials in Menxia Guan, often appointing Shizhong to assist in governance; these too were considered prime ministers. | ||
| 86 | 要略: | 後周大冢宰，亦其任也。其後亦置左右丞相。 |
| The Later Zhou Da Zongcai also held such responsibilities. Later, they also established the posts of Zuo and You Chengxiang. | ||
| 87 | 要略: | 隋有內史、納言，是真宰相。柳述為兵部尚書，參軍機密；又楊素為右僕射，與高熲專掌朝政。 |
| The Sui dynasty had Neishi and Nayan; these were true prime ministers. Liu Shu was the Shangshu of Bingbu, participating in military affairs and confidential matters; and Yang Su as You Puye, together with Gao Jiong, exclusively managed court administration. | ||
| 88 | 要略: | 大唐侍中、中書令為真宰相，中間嘗改為左右相。他官參者無定員，但加同中書門下三品及平章事、知政事、知機務、參與政事及平章國重事之名者，並為宰相，亦漢行丞相事之例也。其同中書門下三品，自貞觀中以兵部尚書李勣始。 |
| In the Great Tang dynasty, Shizhong and Zhongshu Ling were true prime ministers; at times they were changed to Zuo You Xiang. Other officials who participated had no fixed quota; however, those with titles such as Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin, Pingzhang Shi, Zhi Zhengshi, Zhi Jiwu, Canyu Zhengshi and Pingzhang Guo Chongshi were all considered prime ministers. This was also an example of the Han dynasty practice where officials carried out the duties of a Chengxiang. The title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sipin was first used during the Zhenguan period by Li Ji, Shangshu of Bingbu. | ||
| 89 | 要略: | 三老五更：禮：「天子父事三老，兄事五更。」 |
| Three Elders and Five Generations: The Rites state: "The Son of Heaven should treat the Three Elders as his father, and the Five Generations as his elder brothers." | ||
| 90 | 要略: | 後漢明帝以李躬為三老，桓榮為五更。安帝以李充為三老，靈帝以袁逢為三老。 |
| In the Later Han dynasty, Emperor Ming appointed Li Gong as the Three Elders and Huan Rong as the Five Generations. Emperor An appointed Li Chong as the Three Elders, while Emperor Ling appointed Yuan Feng as the Three Elders. | ||
| 91 | 要略: | 魏高貴鄉公以王祥為三老，鄭小同為五更。 |
| Wei Gaiguxianggong appointed Wang Xiang as the Three Elders and Zheng Xiaotong as the Five Generations. . | ||
| 92 | 要略: | 後魏孝文以尉元為三老，游明根為五更。 |
| The Later Wei Emperor Xiaowen appointed Yu Yuan as the Three Elders and You Minggen as the Five Generations. . | ||
| 93 | 要略: | 後周武帝以于謹為三老。 |
| The Later Zhou Emperor Wudi appointed Yu Jin as the Three Elders. . | ||
| 94 | 要略: | 祿秩：周制：自天子至下士，凡六等。諸侯國君十卿祿，食二千八百八十人。卿四大夫祿，食二百八十八人。大夫倍上士，食七十二人。上士倍中士，食三十六人。中士倍下士，食十八人。下士與庶人在官者同。食九人。庶人在官，為未命為士者。次國小國同。 |
| Official salaries and ranks: In the Zhou system, from the Son of Heaven down to the lowest Shi (scholar-official), there were six ranks in total. The lords of feudal states had ten Qing (ministerial posts); their stipend supported 2,880 people. Qing received the salary level of Si Daifu; supporting 288 people. Daifu had double that of Shangshi; supporting seventy-two people. Shangshi was twice the salary level of Zhongshi; supporting thirty-six people. Zhongshi had double that of Xiashi; supporting eighteen people. Xiashi and commoners employed in official positions received the same stipend. Supporting nine people. Commoners in official positions were those who had not yet been appointed as Shi (scholar-officials). The stipends for minor and small feudal states were the same. | ||
| 95 | 要略: | 漢制：自中二千石至百石，凡十二等。中二千石、月俸百八十斛。二千石、百二十斛。比二千石、百斛。千石、八十斛。六百石、七十斛。比六百石、六十斛。四百石、五十斛。比四百石、四十五斛。三百石、四十斛。比三百石、三十七斛。二百石、三十斛。比二百石、二十七斛。百石。十六斛。 |
| In the Han system, from Zhong Erqianshi down to Bai Shi, there were twelve ranks in total. Zhong Erqianshi; monthly stipend of 180 hu (unit of measure). Erqianshi; 120 hu. Bi Erqianshi; one hundred hu. Qianshi; eighty hu. Liubais hi; seventy hu. Bi Liubais hi; sixty hu. Sibais hi; fifty hu. Bi Sibais hi; 45 hu. Santi Shi; forty hu. Bi Santi Shi; 37 hu. Erqianshi (200 Shi); thirty hu. Bi Erqianshi (comparable to 200 Shi); twenty-seven hu. Bai Shi. sixteen hu. | ||
| 96 | 要略: | 後漢大將軍、三公俸各三百五十斛，凡諸受俸，皆半錢半穀。延平中定制：中二千石，月俸錢九千，米七十二斛。真二千石，錢六千五百，米三十六斛。比二千石，錢五千，米三十四斛。千石，錢四千，米三十斛。六百石，錢三千五百，米二十一斛。四百石，錢二千五百，米十五斛。三百石，錢二千，米十二斛。二百石，錢一千，米九斛。百石。錢八百，米四斛八斗。臘及立春，更班賜有差。 |
| In the Later Han, Dajiangjun (Grand General) and the Three Dukes each received a stipend of 350 hu. All officials receiving stipends were paid half in money and half in grain. During the Yanping period, a standard was established: Zhong Erqianshi received 9,000 coins and 72 hu of rice per month. Zhen Erqianshi, 6,500 coins and thirty-six hu of rice. Bi Erqianshi, five thousand coins and thirty-four hu of rice. . Qianshi, four thousand coins and thirty hu of rice. . Liubais hi, 3,500 coins and twenty-one hu of rice. . Sibais hi, 2,500 coins and fifteen hu of rice. . Santi Shi, two thousand coins and twelve hu of rice. . Erqianshi, one thousand coins and nine hu of rice. . Bai Shi. 800 coins and four hu eight dou of rice. . During the winter solstice and the beginning of spring, additional grants were made according to rank differences. | ||
| 97 | 要略: | 宋制：州郡秩俸，多隨土所出，無有定准。有父母、祖父母年登七十者，並給見錢。其郡縣田祿，以芒種為斷。此前去官者，則一年秩皆入前人；此後去官者，悉入後人。 |
| In the Song system, stipends for officials in states and commanderies varied depending on local resources; there was no fixed standard. If an official had parents or grandparents who reached the age of seventy, they were granted cash stipends. The land and grain stipends for commanderies and counties were calculated with Mangzhong as the cutoff point. Those who resigned before this date would have their annual stipend allocated to the previous official; those who resigned after this date, all stipends were transferred to the successor. | ||
| 98 | 要略: | 梁制：一品秩萬石，二品三品為中二千石，四品五品秩為二千石。 |
| The Liang system: First rank officials received 10,000 Shi; second and third ranks were Zhong Erqianshi (middle two thousand Shi); fourth and fifth ranks were Erqianshi. | ||
| 99 | 要略: | 後魏其祿每季一請。諸宰人之官，各隨近給公田，刺史十五頃，太守十頃，治中、別駕各八頃，縣令、郡丞六頃，更代相付。 |
| In the Later Wei, stipends were requested once every quarter. All officials responsible for administration were granted public land according to their proximity; Cishi (governor) received 15 qing, Taishou (prefect) ten qing, Zhizhong and Biejia each eight qing, Xianling (county magistrate) and Juncheng (commandery clerk) six qing. These lands were transferred from one official to the next upon succession. | ||
| 100 | 要略: | 北齊官秩，一品每歲八百疋，從一品七百疋，二品六百疋，從二品五百疋，三品四百疋，從三品三百疋，四品二百四十疋，從四品二百疋，五品一百六十疋，從五品一百二十疋，六品一百疋，從六品八十疋，七品六十疋，從七品四十疋，八品三十六疋，從八品三十二疋，九品二十八疋，從九品二十四疋。執事官一品以下，給公田各有差。 |
| In the Northern Qi system, official ranks were as follows: First rank received 800 pi per year; second rank (Zongyi Pin) 700 pi; third rank 600 pi; fourth rank (Zongsan Pin) 500 pi; fifth rank 400 pi; sixth rank (Zongwu Pin) 300 pi; seventh rank 240 pi; eighth rank (Zongqi Pin) 200 pi; ninth rank 160 pi; tenth rank (Zongjiu Pin) 120 pi; eleventh rank 100 pi; twelfth rank (Congliu Pin) 80 pi; thirteenth rank 60 pi; fourteenth rank (Congqi Pin) 40 pi; fifteenth rank 36 pi; sixteenth rank (Congba Pin) 32 pi; seventeenth rank 28 pi; eighteenth rank (Congjiu Pin) 24 pi. Officials in charge of duties, from first rank downwards, were granted public land with varying amounts according to their ranks. | ||
| 101 | 要略: | 後周制祿秩，下士一百二十五石，中士以上至上大夫各倍之，上大夫是為四千石，卿二分，孤三分，公四分，各益其一，公因盈數為一萬石。其九秩一百二十石，八秩至於七秩，每二秩六分而下各去其一，二秩、一秩俱為四十石。 |
| The Later Zhou stipend system: Xiashi received 125 Shi; Zhongshi and above up to Shangdaifu each had double the amount, with Shangdaifu reaching four thousand Shi. Qing (minister) received two parts, Gu (solitary official) three parts, Gong (prince) four parts, each increasing by one part accordingly. For Gong, due to the full number, it amounted to ten thousand Shi. The nine ranks received 120 Shi; from the eighth rank down to the seventh, every two ranks had six parts decreasing by one part each time. The second and first ranks both amounted to forty Shi. | ||
| 102 | 要略: | 隋京官正一品祿九百石，其下每以百石為差，至正四品，是為三百石。從四品二百五十石，其下每以五十石為差，至正六品，是為一百石。從六品九十石，以下每以十石為差，至從八品，是為五十石。其給皆以春秋二季。刺史、太守、縣令，則計戶而給祿，各以戶數為九等之差。其祿唯及刺史二佐及郡守、縣令。京官給職分田，一品者給田五頃，至五品則為田三頃。其下每品以五十畝為差，至九品為一頃。外官亦各有職分田，又給公廨田以供。 |
| In the Sui dynasty, Jinguan (central officials) of Zhengyi Pin received 900 Shi. From there downwards, each rank differed by one hundred Shi until Zhengsi Pin, who received three hundred Shi. Congsi Pin (fourth rank) received 250 Shi; from there downwards, each subsequent rank differed by fifty Shi until Zhengliu Pin (sixth rank), who received one hundred Shi. Congliu Pin (from sixth rank) received ninety Shi; from there downwards, every subsequent rank differed by ten Shi until Congba Pin (eighth rank), who received fifty Shi. These stipends were distributed during the two seasons of spring and autumn. Cishi (governors), Taishou (prefects) and Xianling (county magistrates) received stipends based on the number of households in their jurisdiction, with nine ranks determined by household numbers. These stipends were only given to Cishi and his two assistants, as well as Ju shou (commandery prefects) and Xian ling. Jinguan were granted Zhifen Tian (official land). First rank officials received five qing of land, while fifth rank officials received three qing. From there downwards, each lower rank differed by fifty mu until the ninth rank, who received one qing (100 mu). Officials outside the capital also had their own Zhifen Tian; additionally, they were granted Gongxie Tian to support administrative needs. | ||
| 103 | 要略: | 大唐定給祿之制，京官正一品，米七百石，錢九千八百。從一品，米六百石。正二品，米五百石，錢八千。從二品，米四百六十石。正三品，米四百石，錢六千一百。從三品，米三百六十石。正四品，米三百石，錢四千二百。從四品，米二百六十石。正五品，米二百石，錢三千六百。從五品，米一百六十石。正六品，米一百石，錢二千四百。從六品，米九十石。正七品，米八十石，錢二千一百。從七品，米七十石。正八品，米六十七石，錢一千六百。從八品，米六十二石。正九品，米五十七石，錢一千三百。從九品，米五十二石。從並同外官，各降一等。其幹力及防閤、庶僕並別給。內外文武官，自一品以下，並給職田。京官諸司及郡縣，又給公廨田，並有差。 |
| The Great Tang established a stipend system: Jinguan of Zhengyi Pin, 700 Shi of rice and 9,800 coins. Zongyi Pin, 600 Shi of rice. . Zheng'er Pin, 500 Shi of rice, 8,000 coins. . Zonger Pin, 460 Shi of rice. . Zhengsan Pin, 400 Shi of rice, 6,100 coins. . Zongsan Pin, 360 Shi of rice. . Zhengsi Pin, 300 Shi of rice, 4,200 coins. . Zongsisi Pin, 260 Shi of rice. . Zhengwu Pin, 200 Shi of rice, 3,600 coins. . Zongwu Pin, 160 Shi of rice. . Zhengliu Pin, 100 Shi of rice, 2,400 coins. . Zongliu Pin, 90 Shi of rice. . Zhengqi Pin, 80 Shi of rice, 2100 coins. . Zongqi Pin, 70 Shi of rice. . Zhengba Pin, 67 Shi of rice, 1,600 coins. . Zongba Pin, 62 Shi of rice. . Zhengjiu Pin, 57 Shi of rice, 1300 coins. . Zongjiu Pin, 52 Shi of rice. . Those serving in the capital and those serving outside were ranked equally, each reduced by one rank. Their staff members, including Fangge attendants and Shu pu servants, were also given separate stipends. Civilian and military officials inside and outside the capital, from first rank downwards, all received Zhitian (official land). Various departments of Jinguan as well as commanderies and counties were also granted Gongxie Tian, with differences in the amount. |
URN: ctp:tongdian/19