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《職官四 - Officials and Positions 4》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
《尚書省 - Shangshu Sheng (Ministry of State Affairs) 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 尚書省: | 并總論尚書 |
| On the General Discussion of the Shangshu (Book of Documents) | ||
| 2 | 尚書省: | 昔堯試舜於大麓，領錄天下事，似其任也。周之司會，又其職焉。鄭玄注周禮云：「司會，若今尚書。」秦時，少府遣吏四人在殿中，主發書，謂之尚書。尚猶主也。漢承秦置。及武帝遊宴後庭，始用宦者主中書，以司馬遷為之。中間遂罷其官以為中書之職。至成帝建始四年，罷中書宦者，又置尚書五人，一人為僕射，四人分為四曹，通掌圖書、祕記、章奏之事及封奏，宣示內外而已，其任猶輕。至後漢則為優重，出納王命，敷奏萬機，蓋政令之所由宣，選舉之所由定，罪賞之所由正。斯乃文昌天府，眾務淵藪，內外所折衷，遠近所稟仰。故李固云：「陛下之有尚書，猶天之有北斗。斗為天喉舌，尚書亦為陛下喉舌。斗斟酌元氣，運平四時；尚書出納王命，賦政四海。」賦，布也。令及左丞，總領綱紀，無所不統。僕射及右丞，分掌廩假錢穀。隋志曰：「令總統之，僕射副令，又與尚書分領諸曹。」漢初，尚書雖有曹名，不以為號。及靈帝以侍中梁鵠為選部尚書，於是始見曹名，總謂之尚書臺，亦謂之中臺。吳諸葛恪既定山越，孫權使尚書僕射薛綜勞軍，曰：「故遣中臺近官，迎致犒賜之。」大事八座連名，而有不合，得建異議。自順帝永建元年，初令三公、尚書入奏事。其八座，具歷代尚書中。二漢皆屬少府。蔡質漢儀曰：「凡三公、列卿、將、大夫、五營校尉行複道中，遇尚書令、僕射、左右丞郎、御史中丞、侍御史，皆辟車先相迴避。衛士傳不得迕臺官，臺官過，乃得去。」至晉宋以來，尚書官上朝及下，禁斷行人，猶其制也。魏置中書省，有監、令，遂掌機衡之任，而尚書之權漸減矣。晉以後，所掌略同，八座丞郎初拜，並集都省交禮，遷職又解交，本漢制也。至於晉、宋，唯八座解交，丞郎不復解交也。梁陸杲遷尚書殿中曹郎，拜日，八座丞郎並到上省交禮。而杲至晚，不及時刻，坐免官。宋曰尚書寺，居建禮門內，亦曰尚書省，令若闕，則左僕射為省主。亦謂之內臺。每八座以下入寺，門生隨入者各有差，不得雜以人士。凡尚書官，大罪則免，小罪遣出。遣出者百日無代人，聽還本職。宋顧琛為庫部郎，以顧碩頭寄尚書張茂度門名，而碩頭與同席坐，琛坐此遣出。又宋志曰：「今朝士詣三公，尚書丞郎詣令，僕射，尚書丞郎並門外下車履，度門閾，乃納履也。」其令及二僕射出行分道之制，與中丞同。令、僕各給威儀十八人。說在御史大夫篇。自晉以後，八座及郎中多不奏事。梁天監元年，詔曰：「自禮闈陵替，歷茲永久，郎署備員，無取職事。糠弌文案，貴尚虛閑。空有趨墀之名，了無握蘭之實。曹郎可依昔奏事。」自是始奏事矣。又詔：「尚書中有疑事，先於朝堂參議，然後啟聞。」舊尚書官不以為贈，唯朱懴卒，特贈右僕射，武帝寵之故也。故周捨問劉杳：「尚書官著紫荷橐，相傳云『挈囊』，竟何所出？」答曰：「張安世傳云：『持橐簪筆，事武帝數十年。』注云：『橐，囊也。近臣簪筆，以待顧問。』」自魏晉重中書之官，居喉舌之任，則尚書之職，稍以疏遠。至梁陳，舉國機要，悉在中書，獻納之任，又歸門下，而尚書但聽命受事而已。後魏天興元年，置八部大夫於皇城四方四維，面置一人，以擬八座，謂之八國常侍，各有屬官。分尚書三十六曹及諸外署，令大夫主之。崔玄伯通署三十六曹，如令僕統事。四年，又復尚書三十六曹。天賜元年，復罷尚書三十六曹，別置武歸、脩勤二職，分主省務。武歸比郎中，脩勤比令史。至神谠元年，始置僕射、左右丞及諸曹尚書十餘人，各居別寺。舊例，尚書簿，諸曹須，即出借。任城王澄為尚書時，公車署以理冤事重，奏請真案。澄執奏，以為「尚書政本，特宜遠慎，故凡所奏事，閣道通之，蓋以祕要之切，防其宣露。寧有古制所重，今反輕之？宜盡寫其事意，以付公車。」詔從之。北齊尚書省亦有錄、令、僕射，總理六尚書事，謂之都省，亦謂之北省。後濟南王以太子監國，立大都督府，與尚書省分理眾事，仍開府置佐。顯祖特崇此官，以趙郡王守侍中，攝大都督府長史。後周無尚書。隋及大唐皆有，其制略同，凡尚書省事無不總。龍朔二年，改尚書省為中臺，咸亨初復舊。光宅元年，改為文昌臺。垂拱元年，又改為都臺，長安三年又改為中臺，神龍初復為尚書省。亦謂之南省。都堂居中，左右分司。舊尚書令有大廳，當省之中，今謂之都堂。都堂之東，有吏部、戶部、禮部三行，每行四司，左司統之。都堂之西，有兵部、刑部、工部三行，每行四司，右司統之。凡二十四司，分曹共理，而天下之事盡矣。故事，叔父兄弟不許同省為郎官，格令不載，亦無正飭。貞觀二年十一月，韋叔謙除刑部員外郎；三年四月，韋季武除主爵郎中；其年七月，韋叔諧除庫部郎中。太宗謂曰：「知卿兄弟並在尚書省，故授卿此官，欲成一家之美。無辭，稍屈階資。」其後同省者甚多。近日非特恩除拜，即須相迴避，當以准令同司曹叛及勾檢之官，不得用大功以上親。若制飭授者，即申所司，從早改擬，遂同別省亦罷也。左右僕射各一人，總統省事。左丞一人，掌轄吏部、戶部、禮部十二司事。右丞一人，掌轄兵部、刑部、工部十二司事。左右司郎中各一人，員外郎各一人，各掌付左右丞所管諸司事。尚書六人，吏、戶、禮、兵、刑、工六部各一人。侍郎九人，吏部、戶部、兵部各二人，餘各一人。郎中二十八人，吏部、戶部、兵部、刑部各二人，餘各一人，并左右司，則三十人。員外郎二十九人，吏、戶、兵、刑四部及司勳各二人，餘司各一人，并左右司，共三十一人。都事六人。以下各有差。 |
| In ancient times, Yao tested Shun at Dalu, entrusting him with recording affairs throughout the world, which seemed to be his responsibility. The Zhou dynasty's Suihui was also responsible for this duty. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Rites of Zhou states: "Suihui is like today's Shangshu." During the Qin dynasty, four officials were sent by the Shaofu to be stationed in the palace, responsible for handling documents; they were called Shangshu. Shang means "to preside over" or "to manage." The Han dynasty inherited the Qin's system. When Emperor Wu toured and dined in the rear palace, he first employed eunuchs to oversee the Zhongshu Office, appointing Sima Qian for this role. Later on, the position was abolished and its duties were transferred to the Zhongshu office. In the fourth year of the Jianshi era during Emperor Cheng's reign, eunuchs in charge of Zhongshu were abolished and five Shangshu officials were reappointed. One was appointed as Puye, while the other four were divided into four departments, collectively responsible for managing books, secret records, memorials, sealed submissions, and communicating them to both inside and outside the court; however, their responsibilities remained relatively light. In the Later Han dynasty, their status became more prestigious. They were responsible for issuing royal commands and submitting reports on myriad state affairs; indeed, they served as the channel through which policies were announced, appointments decided, and punishments or rewards determined. This was the Celestial Office of Literature (Wenchang), a repository for all official matters, where internal and external affairs were settled and to which both near and distant officials looked up. Therefore, Li Gu said: "Your Majesty's Shangshu is like the North Star in the heavens." The North Star serves as the mouthpiece of heaven; likewise, the Shangshu serves as Your Majesty's mouthpiece. The North Star measures the vital energy of heaven and regulates the four seasons equally; the Shangshu issues royal commands and administers governance across all under heaven." Fu means "to distribute" or "to spread out." The Ling and the Zuo Cheng, overseeing general administration, had authority over everything. The Puye and You Cheng were in charge of grain storage, loans, money, and grain supplies. The Sui Records state: "The Ling presided over all matters; the Puye assisted the Ling, and together with the Shangshu, they divided responsibilities among various departments." In the early Han dynasty, although the Shangshu had department names, these were not used as official titles. It was during Emperor Ling's reign that the Shizhong Liang Hu was appointed as Xuanbu Shangshu; from then on, department names first appeared. Collectively, they were referred to as the Shangshu Tai, also known as Zhongtai. After Wu's Zhuge Ke pacified the Shanyue region, Sun Quan sent Puye Xue Zong to greet and 慰劳 the troops, saying: "Therefore I have dispatched an official from the central court, to personally deliver rewards and provisions." For major matters, all eight officials of the Zuo Zheng would sign jointly; if there was disagreement, they could propose alternative opinions. Since the first year of Yongjian era during Emperor Shun's reign, it was first ordered that the Three Excellencies and the Shangshu enter to present reports. The eight officials are detailed in the historical records of the Shangshu through successive dynasties. Both Han dynasties belonged to the Shaofu department. Cai Zhi's Han Yi states: "Whenever the Three Excellencies, various ministers, generals,大夫, and commanders of the Five Camps traveled along the covered walkway, they had to yield their carriages and turn aside in advance when encountering the Shangshu Ling, Puye, You/You Cheng Lang, Zhongcheng Yushi, or 侍御史. Guards were not allowed to obstruct officials of the Tai Guan; only after these officials had passed could they proceed." Since the Jin and Song dynasties, when Shangshu officials went to court or returned from it, pedestrians were prohibited from passing; this was still their established practice. The Wei dynasty established the Zhongshu Sheng, which had a Jian and a Ling; these officials then assumed responsibility for crucial state affairs, gradually diminishing the authority of the Shangshu. After the Jin dynasty, their responsibilities were roughly similar; when the eight officials, Cheng Lang, and others were first appointed, they would gather at the central administrative office to perform ceremonial bows. When transferring positions, they would again partake in a farewell ceremony—this was originally a Han dynasty system. By the Jin and Song dynasties onward, only the eight officials performed the farewell ceremony; Cheng Lang no longer did so. When Liang Lu Gao was transferred to become a Lang of the Dianzhong Department at the Shangshu Office, on the day of his appointment, all eight officials and Cheng Lang gathered at the upper administrative office for ceremonial bows. However, Guo arrived late and missed the scheduled time; as a result, he was dismissed from his post. In the Song dynasty, it was called Shangshu Si, located inside Jianli Gate; it was also known as the Shangshu Sheng. If the Ling position was vacant, then the Left Puye would serve as head of the province. It was also called Neitai. Each time officials of the eight ranks and below entered the Shangshu Si, their disciples who followed them in varied numbers were strictly prohibited from mixing with common people. For any official of the Shangshu office, serious offenses would result in dismissal, while minor ones would lead to expulsion. If an expelled official remained without a replacement for one hundred days, they were allowed to return to their original post. In the Song dynasty, Gu Chen served as a Lang of the Kubei Department. He allowed Gu Shoutou to submit his name through the door of Shangshu Zhang Maodu; however, Shoutou sat at the same table with him. Because of this, Chen was expelled from office. The Song Records also state: "When officials of the current court visited the Three Excellencies, and when Shangshu Cheng Lang visited the Ling or Puye, they all had to dismount from their carriages outside the gate, remove their shoes before stepping over the threshold, and then put them back on after entering." The system for the Ling and two Puye officials to travel with separate processions was the same as that of the Zhongcheng. Each Ling and Puye official was provided with eighteen attendants for ceremonial display. This is discussed in the section on the Yushi Dafa. Since the Jin dynasty, officials of the eight ranks as well as Langzhong often did not present reports in person. In the first year of Tianjian era during the Liang dynasty, an imperial edict stated: "Since the decline of ritual institutions and through this long period, Lang officials have merely filled positions without fulfilling their duties. They handle trivial paperwork, valuing idleness over actual work." "They possess only the name of serving in court but lack any real accomplishments or responsibilities." "Department Lang officials may follow past practices and present reports directly." From then on, they began to resume presenting reports. Another edict stated: "When there are doubtful matters in the Shangshu department, they should first be discussed at court before being reported to the emperor." Previously, Shangshu officials were not posthumously awarded titles; however, when Zhu Zhan died, he was uniquely honored with the title of Right Puye—this was due to Emperor Wu's special favor toward him. Therefore, Zhou She asked Liu Yao: "Shangshu officials wear purple pouches on their belts; it is said that these are called 'qienang,' but where exactly does this term originate?" 藟 The answer was: "According to the biography of Zhang Anshi, it says: 'Carrying a pouch and wearing a brush on one's hairpin, he served Emperor Wu for several decades.'" The commentary states: "Tuo means a bag or pouch." Close attendants wore brushes on their hairpins, ready to be consulted at any moment.'" Since the Wei and Jin dynasties emphasized officials of the Zhongshu department, who held key advisory roles, the responsibilities of the Shangshu gradually became somewhat remote. By the Liang and Chen dynasties, all crucial state matters were concentrated in the Zhongshu; the responsibility of submitting memorials was transferred to the Menxia. As a result, the Shangshu merely received orders and carried out tasks. In the first year of Tiansheng era during the Later Wei dynasty, eight Bu Dafu were established at four directions and four corners of the imperial city. One official was stationed in each direction to correspond with the eight departments; they were called Baguo Changshi, each having their own subordinates. They divided the thirty-six departments of Shangshu and various external offices under their jurisdiction, with these Dafu officials in charge. Cui Xuanbo oversaw all thirty-six departments as if the Ling and Puye were managing affairs collectively. In the fourth year, the thirty-six departments of the Shangshu were once again restored. In the first year of Tiangci era, the thirty-six departments under Shangshu were again abolished and two new positions—Wugui and Xiuqin—were established to separately oversee administrative affairs. The rank of Wugui was equivalent to that of Langzhong, while Xiuqin corresponded to the rank of Lingshi. In the first year of Shendang era, for the first time, Puye, Left and Right Cheng officials, as well as more than ten departmental Shangshu were appointed, each stationed in separate administrative offices. According to old regulations, when the Shangshu required documents from various departments, they had to be immediately provided for borrowing. When Rencheng Wang Cheng served as Shangshu, the Gongche Shu submitted a memorial requesting the original case records due to the seriousness of handling wrongful convictions. Cheng submitted a counter-report, stating: "The Shangshu is the foundation of governance and should especially be cautious. Therefore, all matters reported must pass through the covered corridor; this is to ensure secrecy and prevent leaks. How could something so important in ancient regulations now be treated lightly?" "It is appropriate to fully record the details of the case and deliver them to the Gongche Shu." The imperial edict approved this. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the Shangshu Sheng also had Lu, Ling, and Puye officials who collectively managed affairs of the six departments; this was called Dusheng or Beisheng. Later, when Prince Jian'nan Wang served as regent for the crown prince, a Grand Duzhu Fu was established to share administrative responsibilities with the Shangshu province; it also set up an office and appointed assistants. Xianzu especially honored this position, appointing Zhaojun Wang as Shizhong and concurrently serving as acting Changshi of the Grand Duzhu Fu. The Later Zhou dynasty did not have a Shangshu department. Both the Sui and the Great Tang dynasties had such an office, with systems largely similar; all affairs of the Shangshu province were comprehensively managed. In the second year of Longshuo era, the Shangshu province was renamed Zhongtai; in the early years of Xianheng, its original name was restored. In the first year of Guangzhai era, it was changed to Wenchang Tai. In the first year of Chuidong era, it was again renamed Doutai; in the third year of Chang'an, it became Zhongtai once more. In the early years of Shenlong, its name was restored to Shangshu province. It was also called Nan sheng. The Dudang hall stood in the center, with left and right departments dividing responsibilities on either side. Previously, the Shangshu Ling had a large hall at the center of the province; this is now called Dudang. To the east of Dudang hall, there were three rows—Lübu, Hubu, and Libu—each consisting of four departments under the jurisdiction of Zuo Si. To the west of Dudang hall, there were also three rows—Bingbu, Xingbu, and Gongbu—each with four departments under the administration of You Si. All twenty-four departments were divided among various offices to jointly manage affairs; thus, all matters throughout the empire were comprehensively handled. According to tradition, uncles and brothers were not allowed to serve as Lang officials in the same province; however, this was not recorded in official regulations or decrees. In the eleventh month of the second year of Zhenyuan era, Wei Shuqian was appointed as Yiwai Lang at Xingbu. In April of the third year, Wei Jiwu was appointed as Zhujue Langzhong; In July of that same year, Wei Shuxie was appointed as Kubei Langzhong. Emperor Taizong said: "I know that your brothers are all serving in the Shangshu province, so I have appointed you to this position. I wish to complete a family's excellence. "Do not refuse; it is only a slight reduction in rank and status." After that, there were many more cases of family members serving together within the same province. In recent times, unless specially granted by imperial favor, officials must avoid serving in the same department. This should be treated according to regulations for officials of the same office or those responsible for auditing and checking records; they may not employ relatives within the scope of major mourning relationships (dagu) or closer. If an official is appointed by imperial decree, the matter should be reported to the relevant department for early adjustment; in such cases, even if they are transferred to another province, their appointment would still be canceled. There was one Left Puye and one Right Puye each; they collectively presided over the affairs of the province. One Zuo Cheng, in charge of overseeing twelve departments under Lübu, Hubu and Libu. lando One You Cheng, responsible for supervising the twelve departments of Bingbu, Xingbu and Gongbu. One Langzhong for Zuo Si and one for You Si, each with a Yiwai Lang; each was responsible for assisting the Left or Right Cheng in managing affairs of their respective departments. Six Shangshu officials, one each for the six departments: Lübu, Hubu, Libu, Bingbu, Xingbu, Gongbu. Nine Shilang officials, two each for Lübu and Hubu and Bingbu, one each for the remaining departments. Twenty-eight Langzhong officials, two each for the Lübu, Hubu Bingbu and Xingbu departments, one each for other departments. Including those of Zuo Si and You Si, there are thirty in total. Twenty-nine Yiwai Lang officials, two each in the Lübu, Hububingbu and Xingbu four departments and Suxun Si, one each for other offices. Including those of Zuo si and You si, there are a total of thirty-one people. Six Dudushiguan (Dushi officials). The following positions vary accordingly. |
《錄尚書 - Lu Shangshu 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 錄尚書: | 漢武帝時，左右曹諸吏分平尚書奏事，知樞要者始領尚書事。張安世以車騎將軍、霍光以大將軍、王鳳以大司馬、師丹以左將軍，並領尚書事。張安世領尚書事，職典樞機，以謹慎周密自著。每言大政，已決，輒移病出。聞有詔令，乃驚，使吏之丞相府問焉。自朝廷大臣，莫知與議也。又，孔光字子夏，領尚書事，凡典樞機十餘年，守法度，修故事，不希指苟合。問「溫室省中樹皆何木也」？光答以他語，其謹密如此。後漢章帝以太傅趙熹、太尉牟融並錄尚書事。尚書有錄名，蓋自熹、融始，亦西京領尚書之任，猶唐虞大麓之職也。和帝時，太尉鄧彪為太傅，錄尚書事，位在三公上，漢制遂以為常。每少帝立，則置太傅錄尚書事，猶古冢宰總己之義，薨輒罷之。鄧彪錄尚書事，後以老病，上還樞機職。又，李固、張禹、張防並錄尚書事。自魏晉以後，亦公卿權重者為之，職無不總。蜀蔣琬字公琰，為錄尚書事。時新喪諸葛亮，遠近悚懼。琬出類拔萃，處群寮之右，既無戚容，又無喜色，神守舉止，有如平日，由是眾情漸服。晉宗室會稽王道子及世子元顯，並錄尚書事，時道子為「東錄」，元顯為「西錄」。晉康帝時，何充讓錄表曰：「咸康中分置三錄，王導錄其一，荀崧、陸曄各錄一條事。」晉江右有四錄，則四人參錄也。江右張華，江左庾亮，並經闕上書七條。凡重號將軍刺史，皆得命曹授用，唯不得施陳及加節。宋孝武孝建中，不欲威權外假，省錄。大明末復置，此後或置或省。齊世錄尚書及尚書令，並總領尚書臺二十曹，為內臺主，行遇諸王以下皆禁駐，號為「錄公」。齊明帝為宣成王，錄尚書。廢帝昭業思蒸魚，太官以無「錄公」命，不與。高帝崩，遺詔以褚彥回錄尚書事。江左以來，無單為錄者，有司擬立優策，王儉議宜有策書，乃從之。王儉議以為：「見居本官，別拜錄，推理應有策書，而舊事不載。中朝以來，三公王侯，則優策並設，官品第二，策而不優。優者褒美，策者兼明委寄。尚書職居天官，政化之本。故尚書令品雖第三，拜必有策。錄尚書品秩不見，而總任彌重，前代多與本官同拜，故不別有策。即事緣情，不容均之凡僚。宜有策書，用申重寄，既異王侯，不假優文。」從之。北齊錄尚書一人，位在令上，掌與令同，俱不糾察。自隋而無。 |
| During Emperor Wu of Han's reign, officials in the Left and Right Cao divisions separately handled the submission of memorials to the Shangshu, and those who understood key matters began to oversee Shangshu affairs. Zhang Anshi, as Chaji General; Huo Guang, as Grand General; Wang Feng, as Da Sima; and Shi Dan, as Left General—all concurrently oversaw Shangshu affairs. Zhang Anshi's oversight of Shangshu affairs placed him in charge of key matters, and he became well known for his cautious and meticulous conduct. Whenever major policies were to be discussed, once a decision was made, he would immediately feign illness and leave. Upon hearing an imperial edict, he would be startled and send officials to the Prime Minister's office to inquire about it. From high-ranking ministers in the court down, no one knew they had been involved in the discussion. Also, Kong Guang, courtesy name Zixia, who oversaw Shangshu affairs, held the position of chief in key matters for more than ten years. He adhered to laws and regulations, followed established precedents, and did not seek favor or compromise recklessly. He asked, "What kind of trees are planted in the Wenshi Sheng?" Guang answered with a different response, and his caution was like this. In the Later Han dynasty, Emperor Zhang appointed Tai Fu Zhao Xi and Tai Wei Mou Rong to concurrently oversee Shangshu affairs. The title "Lu Shangshu" (recording officer of the Shangshu) originated with Zhao Xi and Mou Rong, and it was essentially equivalent to the role of overseeing Shangshu in the Western capital, similar to the position of Da Lu during the Tang and Yu periods. During Emperor He's reign, Tai Wei Deng Biao was appointed as Tai Fu and concurrently served as Lu Shangshu. His position ranked above the Three Dukes, and this became a standard practice in Han dynasty institutions. Whenever a young emperor was enthroned, the position of Tai Fu Lu Shangshu was established, following the ancient principle that the chief minister should personally oversee affairs; this office would be abolished upon the death of the incumbent. Deng Biao, serving as Lu Shangshu, later resigned from his key position due to old age and illness. Also, Li Gu, Zhang Yu, and Zhang Fang all concurrently served as Lu Shangshus. After the Wei and Jin dynasties, this position was also held by high-ranking officials with significant authority; they assumed comprehensive control over all duties. Jiang Wan, courtesy name Gongyan of Shu, served as Lu Shangshu (recording officer of the Secretariat). At that time, Zhuge Liang had recently died, and people near and far were alarmed. Wan stood out among his peers, ranking above all the officials. He showed neither sorrow nor joy; his composure and demeanor remained as they were on ordinary days, thus gradually winning the people's respect. In the Jin dynasty, imperial relative Huiji Wang Daozi and his crown prince Yuanxian both served as Lu Shangshushu. At that time, Daozi was known as "Donglu" (East Recorder), while Yuanxian was called "Xilu" (West Recorder). During Emperor Kangdi's reign of the Jin dynasty, He Chong submitted a memorial relinquishing his position as Lu Shangshu and stated: "In the Xiangkang period, three Lu positions were established. Wang Dao was one of them, while Xun Song and Lu Ye each oversaw different matters." In the western region of the Jin dynasty there were four Lu positions, meaning that four individuals jointly participated in overseeing affairs. Zhang Hua of Jiangyou and Yu Liang of Jiangzuo both submitted seven memorials through the imperial court. All high-ranking generals and cishi (governors) with important titles could be appointed by the Cao department, but they were not allowed to hold the position of Chen or receive a jie (imperial commission). During Emperor Xiaowu's Xiaojian period in the Song dynasty, he did not wish to delegate authority outwardly and abolished the Lu position. At the end of the Daming era, it was reestablished; afterward, it was sometimes set up or abolished at will. In the Qi dynasty, Lu Shangshu and Shangshu Ling both collectively oversaw the twenty Cao departments of the Shangshu Tai. As heads of the Neitai (Inner Court), they were required to stop all officials below the rank of prince when encountered on the road; this position was known as "Lu Gong." Emperor Mingdi of Qi, while still Prince Xuancheng, served as Lu Shangshhu. The deposed emperor Zhao Ye requested steamed fish; the Taiguan refused to provide it because there was no "Lu Gong" in office. After Emperor Gao's death, a posthumous edict appointed Chu Yanhui as Lu Shangshu Shi. Since the Jiangzuo period, there had been no one who held only the Lu position; when officials proposed establishing a special appointment ceremony, Wang Jian argued that an imperial decree should be issued, and this was followed. Wang Jian proposed: "Since the individual is already holding his original post and is separately appointed as Lu, according to reason there should be an imperial decree. However, this precedent is not recorded in past records. Since the Zhongchao period, for the Three Dukes and marquises, both special appointments and imperial decrees were established; for officials of second rank, only a decree was issued without a special appointment. A "you" (special appointment) is meant to bestow praise and honor, while a "ce" (imperial decree) also clarifies the delegation of authority. The Shangshu holds an office in Tian Guan, which is the foundation of governance and moral influence. Therefore, although the rank of Shangshu Ling was third class, its appointment always included an imperial decree. The rank of Lu Shangshu is not clearly recorded, but its overall responsibilities were even heavier. In previous dynasties, it was often appointed concurrently with the individual's original post, so no separate decree was issued. Given that this position is tied to specific circumstances and responsibilities, it cannot be treated equally with ordinary officials. "Therefore, an imperial decree should be issued to emphasize the importance of this appointment; although it is different from appointments for marquises and dukes, it does not require a special commendation." The suggestion was accepted. In the Northern Qi dynasty, one Lu Shangshu held a position above that of the Ling (Minister), shared identical responsibilities with the Ling, and neither was subject to oversight. It ceased to exist from the Sui dynasty onward. |
《尚書令 - Shangshu Ling 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 尚書令: | 殷湯制官有冢宰，伊尹制官，以三公攝冢宰。君薨，則百官總己以聽於冢宰。周之冢宰為天官，掌邦之理，六卿之職總屬焉，於百官無所不主。至秦，置尚書令。尚，主也。漢因之，銅印青綬。武帝用宦者，更為中書謁者令。成帝去中書謁者令官，更以士人為尚書令。時弘恭、石顯相繼為中書令，專權邪僻。前將軍蕭望之領尚書事，建言以為「尚書百官之本，國家樞機，宜以通明公正處之。武帝遊宴後庭，故用宦者，非古制也。宜罷中書宦官。」後漢眾務，悉歸尚書，三公但受成事而已。尚書令主贊奏事，總領紀綱，無所不統。與司隸校尉、御史中丞朝會皆專席而坐，京師號曰「三獨坐」。故公為令、僕射者，朝會不陛奏事。天子封禪，則尚書令奉玉牒檢兼藏封之禮。後漢光武以侯霸為尚書令，每春常下寬大之詔，奉四時之命，皆霸所建也。郭伋遷尚書令，處職機密，數納忠諫。陳忠為尚書令，前後所奏，悉條於南宮閣上，以為故事。鄭弘為尚書令，亦著於南宮，以為故事。郭賀字喬卿，為尚書令，百姓歌之曰：「厥德仁明郭喬卿，忠正朝廷上下平。」又，左雄字伯豪，為尚書令。自雄在尚書，天下不敢謬選，十餘年間，稱為得人。自雄掌納言，多所正肅。沈勳字異徵，詣南宮，賜酒，拜尚書令，持節臨辟雍，名冠百僚。荀彧字文若，為尚書令，居中持重，焚毀故案，奇策密謀，不得盡聞。又舉荀攸可以代己。後攸為尚書令，亦推賢進士。魏武帝曰：「二荀令之論人，久而益信，沒世不忘。」魏晉印綬與漢同，冠進賢兩梁，納言幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉。受拜則策命之，以在端右故也。薨，於朝堂發哀。陳矯字季弼，為尚書令。魏明帝卒至尚書門，矯跪問曰：「陛下欲何之？」帝曰：「欲案行文書耳。」矯曰：「此臣職分，非陛下所宜臨也。若臣不稱職，則請就黜。」帝慚，迴車。晉樂廣為尚書令，無當時稱，為後人所思。又太熙元年，詔曰：「夫總百揆之得失，管王政之開塞者，端右之職也。是以自漢代以來，慎選其人。議郎王戎可為尚書令。」又，衛瓘字伯玉，拜尚書令，性嚴憚，以法御下，視尚書若參佐，尚書郎若掾屬。又熊遠啟曰：「伏見吏部以太尉荀組為尚書令，復領荊州牧。自三代以來，未聞以納言之官而出領牧伯者。」王彪之字叔虎，為尚書令，與謝安共掌朝政。安每稱曰：「朝之大事，眾不能決者，諮之王公，無不得判之。」魏晉以下，任總機衡，事無大小，咸歸令僕。宋孝建元年，詔曰：「尚書，百官之元本，庶績之樞機。丞郎、列曹，局司有任。自頃事無巨細，悉歸令僕，非所以群能濟業也。可更明體制，責厥成也。」齊梁舊用左僕射，美遷司空。謝朏字敬沖，徵為司徒、尚書令。朏辭腳疾，不堪朝謁，乃角巾肩輿，詣雲龍門謝。既見，乘小車就席。梁陳並有之。後魏、北齊掌彈糾見事，與御史中丞更相廉察。隋亦總領眾務。大唐尚書令朝服鷩冕，八旒七章，三梁冠。武德初，太宗為秦王時，嘗居之，其後人臣莫敢當。故自龍朔三年，制廢尚書令。至廣德中，郭子儀勳業既盛，乃特拜焉。子儀以文皇帝故，讓不敢受。 |
| Yin Tang established official positions with Zhongzai as the chief minister, Yi Yin established official positions and had the Three Dukes assume the role of Zhongzai. When a ruler died, all officials would take up their duties under the authority of the chief minister Zhongzai. In Zhou dynasty, the chief minister Zhongzai was in charge of heavenly affairs and held authority over state administration. The duties of the Six High Ministers were all subordinate to him, and he had overall control over all officials. By the Qin dynasty, the position of Shangshu Ling was established. Shang means "to preside over" or "to be in charge." The Han dynasty followed this practice, using a bronze seal and green sash. Emperor Wu used eunuchs for the position and changed it to Zhongshu Yezhe Ling. Emperor Cheng abolished the office of Zhongshu Yezheling and instead appointed a scholar-official as Shangshuling. At that time, Hong Gong and Shi Xian succeeded each other as Zhongshu Ling, monopolizing power and acting corruptly. The former general Xiao Wangzhi was in charge of Shangshu affairs and proposed that "the Shangshu is the foundation of all officials and the central mechanism of the state; it should be entrusted to someone who is knowledgeable, upright, and just. Emperor Wu held banquets in the rear palace, so he used eunuchs; this was not an ancient system. Therefore, it is advisable to abolish the office of Zhongshushu held by eunuchs." In the Later Han dynasty, all official matters were handled entirely by the Shangshu; the Three Dukes merely received decisions that had already been made. The Shangshuling was in charge of assisting with official reports and overall administration, overseeing all matters without exception. The Shangshuling, Sili Jiao Wei, and Yushi Zhongcheng each occupied a separate seat during court assemblies; the capital referred to them as the "Three Sole Seaters." Therefore, when officials held the positions of Ling or Puye, they did not personally present reports to the emperor during court assemblies. When the Son of Heaven performed the Fengshan ceremony, the Shangshuling would carry the jade tablets and oversee both the inspection and the ritual of sealing them for storage. In the Later Han, Emperor Guangwu appointed Hou Ba as Shangshuling; every spring he would issue edicts of leniency and decrees for the four seasons, all of which were initiated by Hou Ba. Guo Ji was promoted to Shangshuling; he handled confidential matters and frequently offered loyal advice. Chen Zhong served as Shangshuling, and all his memorials were recorded in detail on the shelves of Nan Gong, to be used as precedents. Zheng Hong also served as Shangshuling and his records were kept in Nan Gong for use as historical examples. Guo He, courtesy name Qiaoqing, served as Shangshuling. The common people sang of him: "The virtue of Guo Qiaoqing is kind and wise; his loyalty and uprightness bring peace to the court above and below." Also, Zuo Xiong, courtesy name Bohao, served as Shangshuling. While Zuo Xiong was in the position of Shangshuling, no one dared to make improper appointments; for more than ten years, it was said that capable officials were selected. While Zuo Xiong held the position of Nayan (a role in charge of transmitting imperial edicts), he strictly upheld justice and discipline on many occasions. Shen Xun, courtesy name Yizheng, visited Nan Gong, was presented with wine, and appointed as Shangshuling. He held a ceremonial staff to oversee the Biyong Academy; his reputation surpassed that of all other officials. Xun Yu, courtesy name Wenruo, served as Shangshuling; he held a central and decisive position. He burned old records, devised ingenious strategies, and made secret plans, many of which were never fully known to others. He also recommended Xun You as his successor. Later, Xun You became Shangshuling and also promoted virtuous men and talented scholars. Wei Wu Di said: "The two Xun Lings' evaluations of people become more trustworthy over time and are never forgotten even after their deaths." The seals and sashes of the Wei and Jin dynasties were the same as those of the Han dynasty. The official wore a crown with two beams for scholars, a Nayan headpiece, five-colored court robes, and a belt ornament made of cangyu jade. When receiving an appointment, the official was given a decree; this was because the position held authority on the right side of court proceedings. Upon his death, mourning rites were conducted in the court hall. Chen Jiao, courtesy name Jibi, served as Shangshuling. When Wei Mingdi suddenly arrived at the gate of the Shangshu Office, Jiao knelt and asked: "Your Majesty, where are you going?" The emperor said: "I just want to inspect official documents." Jiao replied: "This is my duty, and it is not appropriate for the Emperor to personally attend to it. If I am unfit for this position, then please dismiss me." The emperor was ashamed and turned his carriage back. In the Jin dynasty, Yue Guang served as Shangshuling who did not receive much acclaim in his time but was remembered by later generations. Also, in the first year of Taixi, an edict stated: "The one who oversees successes and failures in all official affairs and manages the opening or closing of state policies is the duty of the Shangshuling. Therefore, since the Han dynasty, great care has been taken in selecting individuals for this position. "Yilang Wang Rong is suitable to serve as Shangshuling." Also, Wei Guan, courtesy name Boyu, was appointed as Shangshuling; by nature strict and intimidating, he governed his subordinates with laws. He regarded the Shangshu officials as assistants and the Shangshulang as clerks. Also, Xiong Yuan submitted a memorial: "I have learned that the Ministry of Personnel has appointed Taiwei Xun Zu as Shangshuling while he also continues to hold the position of Junzhou Mu. Since the Three Dynasties, I have never heard of a Nayan official who simultaneously held an external post as a regional governor." Wang Biao Zhi, courtesy name Shuhu, served as Shangshuling together with Xie An in jointly managing court affairs. An often remarked: "For major matters of the court that could not be decided by others, consulting Lord Wang would always yield a judgment." Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, those appointed to oversee central administration handled all affairs, regardless of their size, which were all submitted to the Ling or Pu Ye. In the first year of Xiaojian in the Song dynasty, an edict stated: "The Shangshu is the origin of all officials and the key mechanism for managing state affairs. Chenglang, Lie Cao, and other departments each have their assigned responsibilities. Recently, all matters, regardless of size, have been submitted to the Ling or Puye; this is not conducive to utilizing collective abilities and accomplishing tasks. It would be better to clarify the system further and hold officials accountable for their achievements." In the Qi and Liang dynasties, the Left Puye was traditionally used; a promotion to Sikong was considered an honor. Xie Fei, courtesy name Jingchong, was summoned to serve as Sutu and Shangshuling. Fei claimed he had foot ailments and could not attend court, so he wore a jiao jin (a type of head covering) and rode in a palanquin to the Yunlong Gate to express his gratitude. After being received, he took a small carriage to his seat." The Liang and Chen dynasties both had this position. In the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties, they were in charge of investigating current affairs and alternated with the Yushi Zhongcheng to conduct inspections. The Sui dynasty also had overall authority over all official matters. In the Great Tang, the Shangshuling wore court robes with bie mian (a type of ceremonial headdress), eight pendants and seven embroidered symbols on his robe, and a three-beam crown. In the early years of Wude, when Taizong was still Prince Qin, he once held this position; afterward, no minister dared to assume it. Therefore, since Longshuo third year, the office of Shangshuling was abolished by imperial decree. By the middle of Guangde, Guo Ziyi had achieved great military merit and was specially appointed to this position. Ziyi declined it out of respect for Emperor Wendi's memory and dared not accept the appointment." |
《僕射 - Puye 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 僕射: | 左右丞 左右司郎中 員外郎附 |
| Left and Right Chéng / Left and Right Sī Lángzhōng / Yuànwailáng attached | ||
| 2 | 僕射: | 僕射：秦官。漢因之，自侍中、尚書、博士、郎皆有之。古者重武官，有主射以督課。古者重武官，以善射者掌事，故曰僕射。僕射者，僕役於射也。一云，僕，主也。軍屯吏、騶、宰、永巷宮人皆有，取其領事之號。凡此諸官，皆有僕射，隨所領之事以為號也。若軍屯吏則曰軍屯僕射，永巷則曰永巷僕射。成帝建始元年，初置尚書五人，以一人為僕射，主封門，掌授廩假錢穀。鄭崇字子游，為尚書僕射，數直諫諍。每見，曳革履，上笑曰：「我識鄭尚書履聲。」後為人所譖，上責崇曰：「君門如市，何欲禁切主上？」崇曰：「臣門如市，臣心如水。」上怒，下獄窮治，死獄中。後漢尚書僕射一人，署尚書事。令不在，則奏下眾事，印綬與令同。自漢以下，章服並與令同。獻帝建安四年，以執金吾榮邵為左僕射，衛臻為右僕射。僕射分置左右，蓋自此始。鍾離意字子游，拜尚書僕射。嘗賜胡侍子，當五十疋，尚書郎受詔，誤以三十疋。上怒，召郎，欲鞭之。意入曰：「臣位大罪重，郎位小罪輕，臣當先坐，然後及郎。」遂解衣當鞭。上釋之曰：「非鍾離尚書，幾誤降威於此郎。」又明帝作北宮，意諫止之，出為魯相。及德陽殿成，百官大會。上笑曰：「鍾離尚書在，朕不得成此殿。」鮑永字君長，拜僕射，將兵案河東。永好文德，雖行大將軍事，常白襜，路稱「白衣尚書」。經魏至晉，迄於江左，省置無恆。魏徐宣字寶堅，為左僕射，加侍中。車駕幸許昌，宣統留事。帝還，主者奏呈文書。詔曰：「吾省與僕射何異？」竟不視。又，時欲以賈詡為僕射，詡辭曰：「尚書僕射，官之師長，天下所屬，其柰於國朝何？」置二，則為左右僕射；或不兩置，但曰尚書僕射。荀顗字景倩，其外生陳泰，啟顗代己。泰薨，代泰為僕射，領吏部，四辭而受。顗承泰後，加之淑慎，綜覈名實，風俗澄一。又武帝詔曰：「中軍將軍羊祜，秉德清劭，經緯文武，雖處腹心之任，不處樞機之重，非垂拱無為之意也。其以祜為尚書左僕射。」又司馬珪為尚書右僕射，時年四十九，眾以為美。又周顗為左僕射，風德雖重，過江積年，恆飲酒，三日醒，時人謂為「三日僕射」。謝安亦為僕射。令闕，則左為省主。若左右並闕，則置尚書僕射以主左事，置祠部尚書以掌右事，則尚書僕射、祠部尚書不恆置矣。若無令，則左僕射為省主，與令同。若左右並闕，則直置僕射，在其中閒，總左右事。宋尚書僕射勝右減左，右居二者之閒。僕射職為執法，置二則為左右執法。王敬弘為僕射，關署文案。初不省讀，嘗陪聽訟，文帝問以疑獄，敬弘不對。帝變色，問左右：「何故不以訊牒副僕射？」敬弘曰：「臣乃得訊牒，正自不解。」帝不悅，後遷尚書令。又與尚書分領諸曹，兼掌彈舉。王弘為僕射，奏彈康樂縣公謝靈運：「力人桂興淫其嬖妾，殺興江涘，請免官削爵，付大理。內臺舊體，不得用風聲舉彈。此事彰赫，暴之朝野，不敢拱默。」武帝令免官而已。齊左右僕射行則分道，左僕射領殿中、主客二曹，掌諸曹郊廟園陵、車駕行幸、朝儀臺內非違、文官舉補滿敘疾假事。其諸吉慶、瑞應、眾賀、災異、賊發、眾變、臨軒策命，改號格制，蒞官銓選，凡諸除署、功論、封爵、貶黜、八議、疑讞通關案，則左僕射主，右僕射次經之。右僕射領祠部、儀曹。掌諸曹庫藏穀帛，文武廩給，諸軍資差量人役百工，死病亡叛討捕，考剔非違，租布稅調，理船車兵器。其祠部郊廟喪贈，儀曹儀典禮學，武官除署，移井城邑，人戶復除，家宅田地興工創架運寫，拘慮刑獄聽訟，百工免遣，通關及案奏事，則右僕射主，左僕射次經之。黃案，左僕射上署，右僕射次署。凡僕射掌朝軌，尚書掌讞奏，都丞任在彈違。諸詳讞事，應須命議相值者，皆郎先立意，應奏黃案及關事，以立意官為議主。凡辭訴有慢命者，曹掾咨如舊。若命有咨，則以立意者為議主。齊梁舊制，右僕射遷左僕射，左僕射美遷令，其僕射處於中。陳亦然。後魏二僕射，左居上，右居下。令、僕、中丞騶唱而入宮門，至於馬道。及郭祚為僕射，以為非盡敬之宜，乃奏請：御在太極，騶唱至止車門；御在朝堂，止司馬門。騶唱不入宮，自此始也。又尒朱仲遠為行臺僕射，請准朝式，在軍鳴騶，廢帝笑而許之，其肆情若此。北齊僕射，職為執法，置二則為左右僕射，皆與令同，左糾彈而右不糾彈。隋文帝開皇三年，詔左右僕射從二品，左掌判吏部、禮部、兵部三尚書，御史糾不當者，兼糾彈之。右掌判都官、度支、工部三尚書，又知用度。餘並依舊。楊素為右僕射，與高熲專掌朝政。後文帝漸疏忌素，詔曰：「僕射，國之宰輔，不可躬親細務，但三五日一度向省，評論大事。」外示崇重，實奪其權也。終仁壽之末，不復通判省事。大唐左右二僕射因前代，本副尚書令。自尚書令廢闕，二僕射則為宰相。故太宗謂房玄齡、杜如晦曰：「公為僕射，當洞開耳目，訪求才賢，是為宰相弘益之道。今以決辭聽訟不暇，豈助朕求賢之意？」乃令尚書細務悉委於兩丞。其冤濫大故，當奏聞者，則關於僕射。及貞觀末，除拜僕射，必加「同中書門下平章事」及「參知機務」等名，方為宰相，不然則否。然為僕射者，亦無不加焉。至開元以來，則罕有加者。自開元以來，始有單為僕射，不兼宰相者。初，龍朔二年，改左、右僕射為左、右匡政，咸亨元年復舊，官品第四。上元三年閏五月，制尚書省頒下諸州府，並宜用黃紙。武太后改二僕射為文昌左右相，進階為從三品，尋復本階。神龍初，復為左右僕射。二年九月，飭門下及都省，宜日別錄制飭，每三月一進。開元元年，改為左右丞相，從二品，統理眾務，舉持綱目，總判省事。二年四月，飭在京有訴冤者，並於尚書省陳牒，所司為理。若稽延致有屈滯者，委左右丞及御史臺訪察聞奏。如未經尚書省，不得輒於三司越訴。御史糾不當者，兼得彈之。至天寶元年復舊。 |
| Pu Ye: a position during the Qin dynasty. The Han dynasty followed this system, and positions such as Shizhong, Shangshu, Bohu, and Lang all had them. In ancient times, military officials were highly valued, and there were officers in charge of archery to supervise training. In ancient times, martial officials were esteemed; those skilled in archery held positions of authority, hence the title Pu Ye. Pu Ye means "servant to the archer." One interpretation says, Pu means "master." Military garrison officials, zou, zai, and palace attendants in Yongxiang all had such titles, which were taken as names for those who held leadership positions. All these officials had a Pu Ye, whose title was determined by the duties they oversaw. If it is a military garrison official, then he is called Juntun Pu Ye; if in Yongxiang, then Yongxiang Pu Ye. In the first year of Jianshi (32 BC) during the reign of Emperor Cheng, five Shangshu officials were initially appointed. One among them was designated as Pu Ye, in charge of guarding the gate and managing the distribution of grain and money for rations. Zheng Chong, courtesy name Ziyou, served as Shangshu Pu Ye and frequently gave direct advice. Each time he was summoned for an audience, he would drag his leather shoes, and the emperor smiled and said, "I recognize the sound of Zheng Shangshu's shoe steps." Later, he was slandered by others. The emperor rebuked Chong and said, "Your gate is like a marketplace; what do you want to prevent from reaching the Son of Heaven?" Chong replied, "Though my gate is like a marketplace, my heart is as clear as water." The emperor became angry and had him imprisoned for thorough investigation. He died in prison. In the Later Han, there was one Shangshu Pu Ye who oversaw the affairs of the Shangshu office. When the head official (ling) was absent, the Shangshu Pu Ye would submit reports on various matters and shared the same seals and insignia as the ling. From the Han dynasty onward, their official robes and decorations were also identical to those of the head official. In the fourth year of Jian'an (199 AD) during Emperor Xian's reign, Zhi Jinwu Rong Shao was appointed as Left Pu Ye and Wei Zhen as Right Pu Ye. The division of the Pu Ye position into left and right began from this time. Zhongli Yi, courtesy name Ziyou, was appointed as Shangshu Puye. He once received a grant of fifty bolts of Hu silk for his attendants, but the Shushulang who accepted the imperial decree mistakenly recorded it as thirty bolts. The emperor became angry, summoned the Lang, and intended to flog him. Yi entered and said, "My position is high and my crime serious; the Lang's position is low and his offense minor. I should be punished first before the Lang." He then removed his clothes to accept the flogging. The emperor released him and said, "Had it not been for Shangshu Zhongli, I would have almost mistakenly imposed punishment on this Lang." Zhongli Yi also advised Emperor Ming against the construction of Beigong palace; as a result, he was transferred to serve as Xiang (governor) of Lu. When Deyang Palace was completed, all the officials gathered for a grand assembly. The emperor smiled and said, "If Zhongli Shangshu were still here, I would not have been able to complete this palace." Bao Yong, courtesy name Junchang, was appointed as Pu Ye and led troops to investigate the He Dong region. Yong valued literary virtue; although he conducted military affairs as a general, he often wore plain robes and was known along the roads as "the white-clothed Shangshu." From the Wei dynasty through to the Jin, and down to Jiangzuo (southeastern China), the establishment or abolition of these positions was inconsistent. In the Wei dynasty, Xu Xuan, courtesy name Baojian, served as Left Pu Ye and was granted the additional title of Shizhong. When the imperial procession went to Xuchang, Xu Xuan oversaw all matters left behind in the capital. After the emperor returned, the chief official submitted the documents for review. The imperial decree stated: "What difference is there between my reviewing and the Pu Ye's?" He ultimately did not look at them. At another time, the court intended to appoint Jia Xu as Pu Ye. Xu declined and said: "The Shangshu Pu Ye is a senior official of high rank, entrusted by people throughout the land; how can I bear such responsibility for the state?" When two were appointed, they became Left and Right Pu Ye; or both positions might not be filled simultaneously, in which case the title was simply Shangshu Pu Ye. Xun Yi, courtesy name Jingqian, had an external relative named Chen Tai, who recommended Yi to succeed him in office. After Tai's death, Yi succeeded him as Pu Ye and concurrently held the Ministry of Personnel; he declined four times before finally accepting. Yi inherited Tai's responsibilities, adding to it prudence and integrity, thoroughly examining names and realities, thus clarifying the customs of society. Also, Emperor Wu issued an edict stating: "Zhongjun General Yang Hu upholds virtue with clarity and excellence, managing both literary and martial affairs. Although he holds a position of inner trust, he does not shoulder the critical responsibilities at court; this is contrary to the principle of effortless governance." "Therefore, let Yang Hu be appointed as Shangshu Zuo Pu Ye." Also, Sima Gui served as Shangshu You Pu Ye at the age of forty-nine; many people considered this a remarkable achievement. Also, Zhou Yi served as Zuo Pu Ye. Although his moral character was highly respected, after many years of living south of the Yangtze River, he constantly drank alcohol and would only be sober for three days at a time; contemporaries referred to him as "the Three-Day Pu Ye." Xie An also served as Pu Ye. When the head official was absent, the Left Pu Ye became the acting head of the office. If both the Left and Right Pu Ye positions were vacant, then a Shangshu Pu Ye was appointed to oversee left-side affairs, and a Cibu Shangshu was appointed to manage right-side affairs. Therefore, the posts of Shangshu Pu Ye and Cibu Shangshu were not permanently established. If there was no head official, the Left Pu Ye served as acting head of the department and held equal status with the head. If both the left and right positions were vacant, a single Pu Ye was directly appointed to oversee all affairs of both sides. In the Song dynasty, the rank of Shangshu Puye surpassed that of You but was lower than Zuo; the You position occupied a middle status between them. The duty of Pu Ye was to enforce laws, and when two were appointed they became Left and Right Zhifa (executive enforcers). Wang Jinghong served as Pu Ye and handled official documents. At first, he did not review or read them. Once, while accompanying the emperor in hearing a case, Emperor Wendi asked him about a doubtful legal matter, and Jinghong gave no response. The emperor's expression changed, and he asked those around him, "Why was a copy of the case documents not given to the Fu Pu Ye?" Jinghong replied, "I received the case documents and truly do not understand them." The emperor was displeased. Later, Jinghong was transferred to become Shangshu Ling. They also divided responsibilities with the Shangshu in overseeing various departments and concurrently managed the duties of censure and recommendation. Wang Hong served as Pu Ye and submitted a report censuring Duke Kangle Xie Lingyun: "Liren Gui Xing had relations with his concubine, killed Xing at Jiangsi, I request that he be dismissed from office, stripped of his title, and handed over to the 大理 (Ministry of Justice). According to established procedures within the Neitai, one could not make accusations based merely on rumors or hearsay. "This matter is clearly evident and has become known throughout court and countryside; I dare not remain silent." Emperor Wu merely ordered him to be dismissed from office. In the Qi dynasty, when Left and Right Pu Ye traveled, they took separate routes. The Left Pu Ye oversaw two departments: Dianzhong and Zhuke. He was in charge of various departments concerning sacrifices at temples and ancestral tombs, imperial processions, court rituals, violations within the palace, matters related to appointments, promotions, leave for illness or other absences among civil officials. All matters concerning auspicious events, omens of good fortune, collective congratulations, disasters and anomalies, bandit outbreaks, public disturbances, imperial audiences for granting titles or issuing decrees, changes in titles and regulations, official appointments and evaluations, as well as all cases involving promotions, commendations, ennoblements, demotions, the eight deliberations (a legal principle), doubtful trials, and case reviews—these were primarily overseen by the Left Pu Ye, with the Right Pu Ye assisting secondarily. The Right Pu Ye oversaw Cibu (Rites Department) and Yicao (Ceremonial Affairs). He was responsible for the storage of grain and silk in various departments, rations provided to civil and military officials, allocation of labor and craftsmen for military supplies, pursuit and capture of those who died, fell ill, fled, or rebelled, investigation of violations, collection of taxes and levies, as well as maintenance of ships, carts, weapons, and armor. Matters concerning Cibu, such as sacrifices at temples and posthumous honors for the deceased, Yicao affairs including ceremonial rituals and academic institutions, appointments of military officials, relocation of wells and cities, restoration or exemption of households, construction and renovation of homes and farmland, labor mobilization for projects, detention in prisons, hearing lawsuits, release of craftsmen from service, case reviews, and submitting reports to the throne—these were primarily managed by the Right Pu Ye, with the Left Pu Ye assisting secondarily. For official documents (huang an), the Left Pu Ye signed first, followed by the Right Pu Ye as a secondary signature. Generally, the Pu Ye was responsible for court procedures, the Shangshu handled trials and submissions to the throne, and the Du Cheng bore responsibility for censuring violations. For detailed trials requiring deliberation and approval, the Lang first proposed an opinion. Matters to be submitted as official documents or related to inter-departmental affairs were handled with the official who proposed the initial opinion serving as the lead in deliberations. For all cases of complaints where orders had been disregarded, department officials followed established procedures for consultation. If a matter required further consultation, the official who proposed the original opinion would serve as the lead in deliberation. Under the old system of Qi and Liang dynasties, a Right Pu Ye could be promoted to Left Pu Ye, and from there, a Left Pu Ye might be elevated to Shangshu Ling; thus, the position of Pu Ye occupied an intermediate rank. The Chen dynasty followed the same practice. In the Later Wei, there were two Pu Ye positions: the Left held a higher rank and the Right a lower one. The Ling, Pu Ye, Zhongcheng zou sang as they entered the palace gate up to the horse path. When Guo Zuo served as Pu Ye, he considered this practice inappropriate for showing full respect. He thus submitted a request: when the emperor was in Taiji Hall, zou singing should stop at Zhichemen (the Stop-Carriage Gate). When the emperor was in Chaotang (Court Hall), zou singing should cease at Simamen. From this time onward, zou singing did not proceed into the palace. Also, Erzhu Zhongyuan served as Xingtai Pu Ye and requested to follow court protocols by having zou singing in the military camp. Emperor Fei laughed and granted his request; such was the extent of his unrestrained behavior. In Northern Qi, the Pu Ye held the duty of enforcing laws. When two were appointed as Left and Right Pu Ye, they both shared equal status with the Ling; however, only the Left was responsible for censure and investigation, while the Right did not hold this responsibility. In the third year of Kaihuang (583 AD) during Emperor Wen's reign in the Sui dynasty, an edict was issued designating Left and Right Pu Ye as second-grade officials. The Left Pu Ye presided over the Shangshu departments of Personnel, Rites, and Military Affairs; if the Yushi failed to properly censure someone, he had the authority to investigate and reprimand them as well. The Right Pu Ye presided over three Shangshu departments: Duguan, Du zhi, and Gongbu, and also oversaw financial expenditures. Other matters followed the previous system. Yang Su served as Right Pu Ye and, together with Gao Jiong, exclusively managed court affairs. Later, Emperor Wen gradually became distant and suspicious of Su. An edict stated: "The Pu Ye is the prime minister of the state; he must not personally handle trivial matters but should visit the Shangshu Office only once every three or five days to deliberate on major affairs." This was outwardly a sign of respect, but in reality it deprived him of his authority. By the end of the Renshou era, he no longer participated in reviewing matters at the Shangshu Office. In the Great Tang dynasty, the positions of Left and Right Pu Ye followed previous dynasties; they were originally vice-ministers to the Shangshu Ling. Since the position of Shangshu Ling was abolished or vacant, the two Pu Ye officials became chancellors (prime ministers). Therefore, Emperor Taizong told Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui: "As Pu Ye, you should open your ears and eyes widely to seek out talented and virtuous individuals; this is the way for a chancellor to bring great benefit." "Now, if you are too busy deciding lawsuits and hearing cases, how can that fulfill my intention of seeking out the virtuous?" He then ordered all minor affairs at the Shangshu to be entrusted entirely to the two Cheng (deputy ministers). For major cases of injustice or abuse that required imperial review, they were submitted for consideration by the Pu Ye. By the end of the Zhenguan era, when appointing a Pu Ye, it was necessary to also bestow titles such as "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" or "Can Zhi Jiwu" in order for them to be considered chancellors; otherwise, they were not. Nevertheless, all who served as Pu Ye did receive such additional titles. Since the Kaiyuan era onward, however, it became rare to bestow these additional titles. Since the Kaiyuan period, there began to be cases where someone served solely as Pu Ye without concurrently holding a chancellorship. Initially, in the second year of Longshuo, the positions of Left and Right Puye were changed to Zuo Kuangzheng and You Kuangzheng; in the first year of Xianheng, they reverted to their original titles. The official rank was fourth grade. On the day of Ruyue in the third year of Shangyuan, an imperial decree was issued that documents from the Shangshu Sheng to be distributed to various states and prefectures should all use yellow paper. Empress Wu changed the two Puye positions to Wenchang Left and Right Xiang, elevating their rank to Assistant Third Grade; this was soon reverted back to the original grade. At the beginning of the Shenlong era, they were once again renamed as Left and Right Puye. In the ninth month of the second year, an order was issued to the Menxia and the central Shangshu Department: they should separately record decrees and regulations daily, submitting them once every three months. In the first year of Kaiyuan, they were renamed as Left and Right Xiangxiang (Chancellors), Assistant Second Grade, overseeing all affairs, upholding major policies, and presiding over the administration of the Shangshu Department. In April of the second year, a decree was issued: all those in the capital who had grievances to appeal should submit their petitions at the Shangshu Department, and the relevant officials would handle them. If any delays caused unjust stagnation, the Left and Right Cheng (Deputy Ministers) and the Yushi Tai were entrusted to investigate and report to the throne. Those who had not gone through the Shangshu Department could not directly appeal to the Three Judicial Bureaucracies without authorization. If the Censorate officials made inappropriate accusations, they could also be impeached for it. In the first year of Tianbao, the original titles were restored once again. | ||
| 3 | 僕射: | 議曰：按僕射秦官，其名則微，其職甚細。東漢以後，雖委任漸重，職司會府，而非百寮師長之職也。又按，丞相亦秦官，秦氏每群臣上表，皆云「丞相臣某」為首。漢之宗臣蕭何為丞相。漢儀：丞相進，天子御座為起，在輿為下；有疾，法駕至第問。得戮二千石，申屠嘉欲斬內史晁錯是也。霍光受顧託之重，當伊周之地，廢昌邑王，上表太后：「丞相臣敞」為首，「大司馬、大將軍臣光」次之，其尊崇如此。中閒嘗置左右丞相，亦嘗改為相國，亦為大司徒。大抵漢之丞相，是為三公，於天下無所不統。後漢亦以三公為宰相，則司徒本西漢丞相也。後或為丞相，或為相國，或為大丞相，雖互為之名，其實一也。曹公、司馬師、昭、趙王倫、王敦、王導、劉義宣、齊高帝、梁武帝、爾朱榮、侯景、陳武帝、齊獻武、隋文帝皆為之。歷代多非尋常人臣之職，亦多為贈官。然自秦以降，實居百寮之長。今尚書令總領眾務，舉持綱目，僕射貳之，誠為崇重，且非統國政，宰天下之任，宜侍中、中書令，如直以尊崇則太師，不然上公、太尉始可師長命百寮也。龍朔中，天寶初，嘗改侍中、中書令為左右相，遠協伊尹、仲虺為左右相，周公、召公相成王為左右之義，斯誠允當。或謂尚書令、僕射、錄尚書之職，是官之師長。按前代錄尚書霍光、張安世、王鳳、趙熹、牟融、鄧彪、張禹、李固、王導、褚彥回、齊明帝之徒，或是丞相，或是三公，或是大將軍、大司馬兼之，皆秉朝政，猶古冢宰，百官總己，實宰輔也，其時別自有令僕。今僕射雖嘗改為丞相，名同而職異，品秩又未崇極，上有三師、三公、尚書令七人，豈得比前代丞相受任也？其襲舊名無實者，若今刺史皆云使持節，按前代使持節，得戮二千石；其王公以下封國，皆南面臣人，分茅建社；其開府儀同三司，則禮數班秩皆如三公，置府辟吏：今並豈有其實乎？此例甚眾，不能遍舉。安有僕射因改丞相之名，都無丞相之實，而為百寮師長也？又與丞郎絕禮，若不隔品致敬，則諸司長官與隔品寮屬，其可絕禮乎？斯不然矣。 |
| Comment: According to records, Puye was an official title from the Qin dynasty; its name is obscure, and its duties were quite minor. After the Eastern Han dynasty, although their responsibilities gradually became more significant, they presided over the Shui Fu (a central administrative office), but this was not yet a position of being the leader or chief among all officials. Furthermore, according to records, Xiangxiang was also a Qin dynasty official title; during the Qin dynasty, whenever officials submitted memorials, they always listed "Xiangxiang Minister [Name]" as the first entry. In the Han dynasty, the noble minister Xiao He served as Xiangxiang. The Han dynasty court etiquette: when the Xiangxiang entered, the emperor would rise from his throne; if in a carriage, he would descend. If the Xiangxiang fell ill, the imperial procession would go to his residence to inquire about his condition. They had the authority to execute officials of the rank of Erqianshi; Shen Tu Jia's attempt to behead Neishi Chao Cuo is an example. Huoguang, entrusted with the great responsibility of a regent and holding a position as significant as Yi Zhou (Yi Yin and Zhou Gong), deposed Wang Changyi. In his memorial to the Empress Dowager, he listed "Xiangxiang Minister Chang" first, followed by "Dashi Ma, Da Jiangjun Minister Guang," demonstrating such high esteem. At times in the middle period, both Left and Right Xiangxiangs were established; at other times they were changed to Xiangguo or Da Situd. Generally speaking, the Xiangxiang of the Han dynasty was one of the Three Dukes and had authority over all affairs in the realm. In the Later (Eastern) Han, the Three Dukes also served as chancellors; thus, Situd was originally equivalent to Xiangxiang in the Western Han. Later, they were sometimes called Xiangxiang, sometimes Xiangguo, and at times Da Xiangxiang; although the titles varied, their actual roles remained essentially the same. Cao Cao, Sima Shi, Sima Zhao, Prince Liu Lun of the Zhao Kingdom, Wang Dun, Wang Dao, Liu Yixuan, Emperor Gao of Qi, Emperor Wu of Liang, Erzhu Rong, Hou Jing, Emperor Wudi of Chen, General Qi Xianwu, and Emperor Wen of Sui all held such positions. In many dynasties, this was not an ordinary official position for common ministers but often a posthumous title or honorific appointment. However, since the Qin dynasty onward, it had become the actual leader of all officials in court. Now, the Shangshu Ling oversees all affairs and upholds major policies, while the Puye serves as his deputy. This is indeed a position of great honor; however, it does not encompass the full authority to govern the nation or manage state matters. The roles of Sizhong (Attendant-in-Ordinary) and Zhongshu Ling are more appropriate for such responsibilities. If one were to consider only rank and prestige, then Taishi would be suitable; otherwise, Shanggong or Taiwei could serve as the chief who commands all officials. During the Longshuo era and at the beginning of the Tianbao era, there were attempts to rename Sizhong and Zhongshu Ling as Left and Right Xiang. This was meant to align with the ancient examples of Yi Yin and Zhong Hui serving as left and right chancellors in the Shang dynasty, and of Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong assisting King Chengwang by dividing responsibilities between left and right—this naming indeed seemed appropriate. Some say that the positions of Shangshu Ling, Puye, and Lu Shangshu are those of chief officials. According to records from previous dynasties, those who held the position of Lu Shangshu—such as Huo Guang, Zhang Anshi, Wang Feng, Zhao Xi, Mou Rong, Deng Biao, Zhang Yu, Li Gu, Wang Dao, Chu Yanhui, and Emperor Mingdi of Qi—were either Xiangxiang or Three Dukes, or concurrently held positions such as Da Jiangjun (Grand General) or Da Sima. They all wielded the power to manage state affairs, similar to the ancient Zongcai (Minister over All Officials), with all officials reporting directly to them; they were indeed chancellors and assistants in governance. At that time, there were also separate Shangshu Lings and Puye serving concurrently. Now, although Puye has at times been renamed Xiangxiang in later periods, the title may be similar but the actual duties differ. Moreover, their rank is not as high as that of chancellors from previous dynasties. Above them are three Shī (Taishi, Taibao, and Taixue), Three Dukes, and seven Shangshu Lings—how can they compare to former Xiangxiangs who held such significant authority? Those who merely inherited the old title without actual power—such as today's Cishi (governors) all being called Shichi Jie—are different from earlier generations. In previous dynasties, a Shichi Jie had the authority to execute Erqianshi officials; all marquises and princes below that rank who were granted fiefdoms sat facing south as rulers of their own domains, receiving homage from subjects while establishing altars for ancestral worship. Those who held the title Kai Fu Yitong Sansi (establishing an office with ceremonial status equal to the Three Dukes) were granted rites, ranks, and precedence equivalent to those of the Three Dukes. They could establish offices and appoint officials: do such individuals today truly possess these powers? There are many examples like this; it is impossible to list them all. How can a Puye, merely renamed as Xiangxiang without actually fulfilling the duties of a chancellor, be considered the leader and chief among all officials? Furthermore, to treat Chenglang (Cheng and Lang) with complete disregard for etiquette—if officials of lower rank do not show respect as required by their hierarchical differences—then can the heads of various departments also refuse to observe proper courtesies toward subordinates who are ranked differently? This is clearly incorrect. | ||
| 4 | 僕射: | 左右丞：秦置尚書丞二人，屬少府。漢因之。至成帝建始四年，置丞四人。及後漢光武，始減其二，唯置左、右丞，佐令、僕之事，臺中紀綱，無所不總。左丞主吏民章報及騶伯史，黃香字文彊，拜左丞，功滿當遷，和帝留，增秩。後拜尚書，遷僕射。右丞與僕射皆掌授廩假錢穀，又假署印綬及紙筆墨諸財用庫藏。楊喬為右丞，行值太常辛柔，柔不避車，喬奏柔不敬，下廷尉。左、右丞闕，以次夕郎補之，三歲為刺史。漢御史中丞、侍御史行複道中，遇尚書及丞、郎，避車執版揖，丞、郎坐車，舉手禮之，車過遠，乃去。尚書言左、右丞，敢告知如詔書律令。郎見左、右丞，對揖無敬，稱曰左、右君。丞、郎見尚書，執版揖，稱曰「明時」。郎見令、僕，執版拜，朝賀對揖。魏晉左、右丞銅印，青黑綬，進賢一梁冠，介幘，絳朝服。左丞主臺內禁令，寢廟祠祀，朝儀禮制，選用署吏，急假兼糾彈之事；傅咸答辛曠詩序曰：「尚書左丞，彈八座以下，居萬機之會，乃皇朝之司直，天臺之管轄。」又郤詵為左丞，奏推吏部尚書崔洪。洪曰：「我舉郤丞，而還奏我，此挽弓自射之謂也。」右丞掌臺內庫藏廬舍，凡諸器用之物及刑獄兵器，督錄遠道文書章表奏事。宋因之，而右丞亦主錢穀。虞玩之字茂瑤，宋元徽中為右丞。齊高帝參政，與玩之書曰：「今漕藏有闕，吾賢居右丞，已覺金粟可積矣。」皆銅印黃綬。齊左丞掌寢廟郊祠、吉慶瑞應、災異、立作格制、諸案彈、選用除置、吏補滿除遣注職。任遐為左丞，奏御史中丞陸澄不糾事，請免澄官。又建康令與秣陵令同乘行車，前導四卒。左丞沈昭略奏，凡有鹵簿官共乘，不得兼列騶道，請免其官。視中書郎遷黃門郎。右丞掌兵士百工補役死叛考代、年老疾病解遣，其內外諸庫藏穀帛，刑罪創業諍訟，田地船乘，稟拘兵工死叛，考剔討捕，差分百役，兵器諸營署人領，州郡租布，民戶移徙，州郡縣併帖，城邑人戶割屬，刺史二千石令長丞尉被收及免贈，文武諸犯削官事。白案則右丞上署，左丞次署。黃案則左丞上署，右丞次署。諸立格制及詳讞大事，郊廟朝廷儀體，亦左丞上署，右丞次署。梁皆銅印黃綬，一梁冠。左丞掌臺內分職儀、禁令、報人章，督錄近道文書章表奏事，糾諸不法。凡諸尚書文書詣中書省者，密事皆以契刀囊盛之，封以丞相印。劉洽字義瓘，為左丞，準繩不避貴戚，尚書省賄賂莫敢通。右丞掌臺內藏及廬舍，凡諸器用之物，督錄遠道文書章表之事。陳因之。後魏、北齊左丞為上階，右丞為下階。北齊左丞掌吏部等十七曹，吏部、考功、主爵、殿中、儀曹、三公、祠部、主客、左右中兵、左右外兵、都官、二千石、度支、左右戶。并糾彈見事，又主管轄臺中違失，並糾駁之。崔昂除左丞，兼度支尚書。左丞兼尚書，近代未有，唯昂為冠首，朝野榮之。又酷吏宋遊道為左丞，始依故事，於尚書省立門名，以記出入早晚，令僕以下皆側目。右丞掌駕部等十一曹，駕部、虞曹、屯田、起部、兵部、比部、水部、膳部、倉部、金部、庫部。亦管轄臺中，唯不彈糾，餘悉與左同。隋左右丞掌分尚書諸司糾駁。元壽字長壽，為尚書左丞。蕭摩訶妻患將死，奏令其子向江南收家產。壽奏劾之曰：「摩訶遠念資財，近忘匹好，令其子捨危惙之母，為聚斂之行。御史韓微之等見而不彈，請付大理。臣忝居左轄，無容寢默。」大唐因隋制。龍朔二年，改為左、右肅機，其年有宇文化及子孫論資廕，所司理之，至於勾當，右肅機楊昉未詳案狀，訴者自以道理已成，無復疑滯，绗而逼昉。昉謂曰：「適退朝，未食，食畢詳之。」訴者曰：「公云未食，亦知天下有累年羈旅者乎？」昉遽命案，立判之曰：「父弒隋主，子訴隋資，生者猶配遠方，死者無宜更敘。」咸亨元年復舊。儀鳳四年，韋仁約除尚書左丞。約奏曰：「陛下為官擇人，無其人則闕。今不惜美錦，令臣製之，此陛下知之深矣，微臣盡命之日矣。」仁約遂振舉綱目，略無留事，群曹肅然。左丞掌管轄諸司，糾正省內，勾吏部、戶部、禮部等十二司，通判都省事。右丞掌管兵部、刑部、工部等十二司，餘與左丞同。 |
| Left and Right Cheng: In the Qin dynasty, two Shangshu Cheng were established, belonging to the Shaofu Department. The Han dynasty followed this system. By the fourth year of Jianshi in Emperor Chengdi's reign, four Cheng were appointed. In the Eastern Han under Emperor Guangwu, two of them were reduced, leaving only Left and Right Cheng to assist the Shangshu Ling and Puye in their duties. They oversaw all administrative regulations within the department, with no aspect left unmanaged. The Left Cheng was in charge of official memorials from officials and commoners, as well as the management of Zo Bo Shi (a type of clerical staff). Huang Xiang, courtesy name Wenqiang, was appointed as Left Cheng. When his term of service was completed and he should have been promoted, Emperor He retained him in office and increased his rank. Later, he was appointed Shangshu and eventually promoted to Puye. The Right Cheng, together with the Puye, was responsible for distributing salaries, grain rations, and other supplies. They also managed the issuance of seals, sashes, paper, brushes, ink, and various materials stored in the treasury. Yang Qiao served as Right Cheng. Once, while on duty, he encountered Tai Chang Xin Rou who failed to yield his carriage. Qiao reported that Rou was disrespectful and had him sent to the Tingwei for trial. When positions of Left or Right Cheng were vacant, they were filled by the next in line from among the Xilang officials. After serving for three years, these individuals would be appointed as Cishi (governor). In the Han dynasty, when the Zhongcheng of the Yushi and Shiyushi traveled along the central passage (Fu Dao), they had to yield their carriages and hold a tablet while bowing respectfully if encountering officials from the Shangshu, Cheng, or Lang. The Cheng and Lang would remain seated in their carriages but raise their hands as a sign of courtesy; only after the carriage passed some distance could they resume their journey. The Shangshu officials addressed Left and Right Cheng with formal respect, saying: "You dare to inform as decreed by the imperial edicts and laws." When Lang officials met Left or Right Cheng, they exchanged bows without excessive reverence, addressing them as "Left Jun" or "Right Jun." When Cheng and Lang officials met Shangshu officers, they held their tablets and bowed respectfully, addressing them as "Mingshi" (a respectful title meaning "illustrious official"). When Lang officials met the Shangshu Ling or Puye, they held their tablets and performed a bow; during formal court greetings, they exchanged bows. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, Left and Right Cheng officials used copper seals with blue-black sashes. They wore Jinxian caps (a type of official hat) with one beam, jie zhi (a headpiece), and crimson court robes. The Left Cheng was responsible for internal regulations of the department, rituals at ancestral temples and altars, court ceremonies and etiquette systems, appointments and management of clerks, urgent requests for leave or absences, as well as overseeing disciplinary actions. Fu Xian's preface to his poem in reply to Xin Kuang stated: "The Left Cheng of the Shangshu has authority to censure officials ranked below the Ba Zu, presiding over all major affairs. He is the imperial court's official for upholding justice and holds jurisdiction as part of the heavenly administration." Another example was Xi Shen, who served as Left Cheng and submitted a report to investigate Cui Hong, Shangshu of the Lishu Department. Hong said: "I recommended Chancellor Xi, and now he is reporting on me—it's like drawing a bow to shoot oneself." The Right Cheng was in charge of the department's storage facilities, buildings, and all equipment, including weapons used in judicial cases. He also supervised the recording and handling of official documents, memorials, and reports from distant regions. The Song dynasty followed this system, with the Right Cheng also overseeing grain rations and monetary matters. Yu Wanzhi, courtesy name Maoyao, served as Right Cheng during the Yuangui period of the Song dynasty. Emperor Gao of Qi, while participating in political affairs, wrote to Wanzhi: "Now that there is a shortage in the granary and treasury, with your virtue as Right Cheng, I already feel that gold and grain can be accumulated." Both were granted copper seals and yellow sashes. In the Qi dynasty, the Left Cheng was responsible for ancestral temple and suburban altars' rituals, ceremonies of auspicious events or omens, disasters and anomalies, establishing regulations, handling disciplinary cases, appointments and dismissals, selecting officials, filling vacancies, assigning positions, and recording official duties. Ren Xia served as Left Cheng; he submitted a report stating that Zhongcheng Lu Cheng of the Yushi had failed to carry out his duty of censure, and requested that Cheng be dismissed from office. Another incident occurred when Jiankang Ling and Moling Ling traveled together in the same carriage with four soldiers leading their procession. The Left Cheng Shen Zhaolue submitted a report, stating that whenever officials with ceremonial processions rode together in the same vehicle, they could not both occupy the designated official route. He requested their dismissal from office. This was considered equivalent to a Zhongshu Lang being promoted to Huangmen Lang. The Right Cheng was responsible for matters concerning the recruitment, replacement, deaths, desertions, and evaluations of soldiers and laborers; the management of grain, silk, and other stored goods in internal and external warehouses; criminal cases involving property disputes or land ownership; boats and fields; military conscripts who had died or deserted; investigations into these issues and their pursuit; assigning various types of labor duties; overseeing weapons, camps, offices, and personnel; state taxes and cloth contributions from prefectures and counties; the migration of households; mergers and administrative adjustments among states, commanderies, and counties; transfers of population and jurisdiction between cities and towns; appointments, arrests, or dismissals (including posthumous honors) for Cishi, Erqianshi, Lingchang, Chengwei, and others; as well as cases involving the removal of official ranks for both civil and military officials who had committed crimes. For white case documents (civil or routine matters), the Right Cheng would sign first, followed by the Left Cheng as a secondary signature. For yellow case documents (military or urgent matters), the Left Cheng would sign first, with the Right Cheng signing secondarily. For all newly established regulations and detailed deliberations on major matters, as well as rituals at suburban altars and court ceremonies, the Left Cheng also signed first, with the Right Cheng following. In the Liang dynasty, both positions were granted copper seals, yellow sashes, and caps with one beam. The Left Cheng was responsible for the internal division of duties and regulations within the department, handling memorials from commoners, overseeing documents and reports from nearby regions, and investigating officials who violated laws. All official documents sent by the Shangshu Department to the Zhongshu Sheng, if containing confidential matters, were placed in sealed pouches and secured with a wax seal bearing the Xiangxiang's personal chop. Liu Qia, courtesy name Yiguan, served as Left Cheng. He enforced laws impartially without showing favor to powerful relatives or aristocrats; no one in the Shangshu Department dared offer bribes during his tenure. The Right Cheng was in charge of internal storage facilities and buildings within the department, overseeing all equipment and supplies, as well as supervising documents and memorials from distant regions. The Chen dynasty followed this system. In the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties, the Left Cheng held a higher rank than the Right Cheng. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the Left Cheng oversaw seventeen departments, including the Lishu Department, Kaogong, Zhujue, Dianzhong, Yicao, San Gong, Cibu, Zhuke, Zuo You Zhongbing, Zuo You Wai Bing, Douguan, Erqianshi, Du zhi, and Zuo You Hu. They also had the authority to investigate and censure officials for misconduct, as well as oversee and correct violations or errors within the department. Cui Ang was appointed Left Cheng while concurrently serving as Shangshu of Du zhi Department. Holding the position of both Left Cheng and Shangshu was unprecedented in recent times; only Cui Ang achieved this distinction, earning honor from both court and common people. Another example was the harsh official Song Youdao, who served as Left Cheng. Following precedent, he established a gate register at the Shangshu Province to record the times of entry and exit; even officials below the rank of Puye looked upon him with fear and awe. The Right Cheng oversaw eleven departments, including Jia Bu (Imperial Carriage Department), Yu Cao, Tun Tian, Qi Bu, Bing Bu, Bi Bu, Shui Bu, Shan Bu, Cang Bu, Jin Bu, and Ku Bu. They also had jurisdiction over the department but did not have authority to censure or investigate misconduct; otherwise, their duties were identical to those of the Left Cheng. In the Sui dynasty, the Left and Right Cheng were responsible for dividing responsibilities among various departments under Shangshu in order to oversee and correct errors. Yuan Shou, courtesy name Changshou, served as the Left Cheng of Shangshu. The wife of Xiao Mohuo was seriously ill and on the verge of death; she petitioned to allow her son to travel to Jiangnan to collect family property. Shou impeached her, saying: "Mohuo thinks of wealth from afar but forgets his wife in the near term; he has ordered his son to abandon their mother who is on the brink of death and instead pursue greedy actions. The Yushi Han Weizhi et al witnessed this but did not report it, so they requested that the matter be referred to Dali Temple for adjudication. "As a humble official in charge of the left jurisdiction, I cannot possibly remain silent." The Tang dynasty followed the system established by the Sui. In the second year of Longshuo, they were renamed as Zuo Suji and You Suji. That year, descendants of Yuwen Huaji petitioned for consideration based on hereditary privilege; the responsible officials handled it, but when it came to processing the case, You Suji Yang Fang had not yet thoroughly examined the documents. The petitioner claimed that his case was already clear in terms of justification and no longer required further review, so he pressured Fang directly. Fang said to him: "I have just returned from court and haven't eaten yet; I will examine it thoroughly after my meal." The petitioner said: "You say you have not yet eaten, but do you know that there are people in the world who have been detained for years?" Fang immediately ordered the case to be reviewed and promptly ruled, saying: "The father killed the Sui emperor; the son petitions for privileges from the Sui dynasty. Even those still alive are exiled to distant regions, so it is inappropriate to further justify the deceased." In the first year of Xianheng, the old system was restored. In the fourth year of Yifeng, Wei Renyue was appointed as Left Cheng of Shangshu Department. Yue petitioned: "Your Majesty selects officials based on the suitability of individuals; if no suitable person is found, the position should remain vacant. Now, however, you do not spare fine brocade and order me to make it into something; this is a matter Your Majesty understands deeply. This is the day I will give my life completely." Renyue then took decisive action to uphold discipline and order, leaving no matters unresolved; all departments became orderly and respectful. The Left Cheng was in charge of overseeing various departments, correcting matters within the Shangshu province, reviewing officials from the Lü Bu (Ministry of Personnel), Hu Bu (Ministry of Revenue), Li Bu (Ministry of Rites) and eleven other departments, and jointly adjudicating affairs at the central Shangshu office. The Right Cheng was responsible for overseeing the Bing Bu (Ministry of War), Xing Bu (Ministry of Justice), Gong Bu (Ministry of Works) and eleven other departments; otherwise, his duties were the same as those of the Left Cheng. | ||
| 5 | 僕射: | 左、右司郎中：隋煬帝三年，於尚書都省初置左、右司郎二人，品同諸曹郎，從五品，掌都省之職。大唐貞觀二年，改為郎中。龍朔二年改為左、右丞務，咸亨元年復舊。令掌副左右丞所管諸司事，省署鈔目，勘稽失，知省內宿直，判都省事。若右司不在，則左併行之；左司不在，右亦如之。 |
| Left and Right Si Lángzhōng: In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign in the Sui dynasty, two officials were first appointed as Left and Right Si Lang at the central Shangshu Office. Their rank was equal to that of departmental Lang officers, fifth grade junior, and they were responsible for duties within the central office. In the second year of Zhen Guan in the Tang dynasty, it was changed to Lángzhōng. In the second year of Long Shuo, they were renamed Zuo Chengwu and You Chengwu; in the first year of Xian Heng, the original title was restored. They were responsible for assisting the Left and Right Cheng in overseeing various departments, managing official documents and records, examining omissions or errors, supervising night shifts within the province, and adjudicating matters at the central office. If the Right Si was absent, then the Left Si would assume its duties; if the Left Si was absent, the Right Si would act in a similar manner. | ||
| 6 | 僕射: | 員外郎：武太后永昌元年置，與郎中分掌曹務。神龍元年省，二年復置。 |
| Yuànwailáng: Established in the first year of Yongchang during Empress Wu Zetian's reign, they shared responsibilities with Lángzhōng for departmental affairs. In the first year of Shenlong, the position was abolished; in the second year, it was reestablished. |
《歷代尚書 - Shangshu through the Dynasties 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 歷代尚書: | 八座附 |
| Eight Ministers Attached | ||
| 2 | 歷代尚書: | 秦尚書四人。不分曹名。漢成帝初置尚書五人，其一人為僕射，四人分為四曹：尚書曹名，自此而有。常侍曹，主公卿。二千石曹，主郡國二千石。民曹，主凡吏民上書。以人字改焉。自後歷代曹部皆同。客曹。主外國夷狄。後又置三公曹，主斷獄。是為五曹。後漢尚書五曹，六人，其三公曹尚書二人。掌天下歲盡集課州郡。吏曹、掌選舉、齊祠。後漢志謂之常侍曹，亦謂之選部。二千石曹、掌中都官、水火、盜賊、辭訟、罪法，亦謂之賊曹。民曹、掌繕理、功作、鹽池、苑囿。客曹，掌羌胡朝賀。法駕出，則護駕。後漢光武分二千石曹及客曹為南主客、北主客二曹。兩梁冠，納言幘。或說有六曹。按後志云「分客曹為二」，是六天曹也。又晉志云：「以前漢五曹，更加中都官曹，為六曹也。」按應劭漢官云：「二千石曹，主中都官事。」則不應更有中都官曹也。今依劭說，為五曹，六人。魏朗字少英，入為尚書，再升紫微，謇諤禁省，為百僚所服。又張陵字處沖，為尚書。歲朝，梁冀帶劍入省，陵叱令奪劍，劾冀，詔以歲俸贖罪。又鄭均字仲虞，為尚書，淡泊無為，以病罷還第，賜尚書祿，號為「白衣尚書」。魏有吏部、左民、客曹、五兵、度支，凡五尚書。晉初有吏部、三公、客曹、駕部、屯田、度支六曹。無五兵。太康有吏部、殿中、五兵、田曹、度支、左民，為六曹尚書。無駕部、三公、客曹。及渡江，有吏部、祠部、五兵、左民、度支五尚書。皆銅印墨綬，進賢兩梁冠，納言幘，絳朝服，佩水蒼玉。乘軺車，皂輪，執笏負荷。加侍官者，武官左貂金蟬。宋有吏部、祠部、度支、左民、左民尚書統左民及駕部二曹。都官、五兵六尚書。尚書納言幘，進賢兩梁冠，佩水蒼玉。齊梁與宋同，侯景改梁五兵為七兵尚書。又職官錄曰：「齊尚書品服悉與令同。」亦別有起部，而不常置也。梁何胤字子季，為左民尚書。後辭官，隱於若耶山雲門寺，飭給白衣尚書祿，胤固辭。又到洽為御史中丞，兄溉為左民尚書。舊中丞不得入尚書下舍。洽引服親不應有礙，刺省詳決。乃許入溉省，亦以其兄弟素篤，不能相別。陳與梁同。後魏初有殿中、掌殿內兵馬倉庫。樂部、掌伎樂及角使伍伯。駕部、掌牛馬驢騾。南部、掌南邊州郡。北部掌北邊州郡。五尚書。其後亦有吏部、初曰選部。兵部、都官、度支、七兵、祠部、民曹等尚書。又有金部、庫部、虞曹、儀曹、右民、宰官、元禔為宰官尚書。都牧、元禎為都牧尚書。牧曹、右曹、太倉、太官、祈曹、神都、儀同曹等尚書。自金部以下，但有尚書之名，而不詳職事。北齊有吏部、殿中、殿中統殿中曹，主駕行百官留守名帳、宮殿禁衛，及儀曹、三公、駕部四曹。祠部、五兵、都官、度支六尚書。後周無尚書。隋有吏、禮、兵、刑、戶、工六部尚書。大唐尚書與隋同。龍朔二年，改尚書為太常伯。咸亨初復舊。歷代吏部尚書及侍郎，品秩悉高於諸曹。 |
| The Qin dynasty had four Secretaries of State. No division by department names. At the beginning of his reign, Emperor Cheng of Han established five Secretaries of State, one of whom was the Puye, and the other four were divided into four departments: The names of the Secretary Departments began from here. Changshi Department, in charge of the Grand Commanders and Ministers. Erqianshi Department, responsible for officials at the Erqianshi rank in commanderies and kingdoms. Min Department, in charge of all official and civilian memorials submitted to the throne. The name was changed by adding the character for "people." Departments and divisions in subsequent dynasties were all the same. Ke Department. In charge of foreign barbarians and outsiders. Later, a San Gong Department was also established, in charge of judicial cases. This formed the Five Departments. During the Later Han, there were five departments under the Secretariat with six officials; among them, the San Gong Department had two Secretaries of State. Responsible for collecting annual reports and assessments from commanderies and states across the empire. Li Department, in charge of appointments and sacrifices to ancestors. The Later Han records refer to it as the Changshi Department, also called the Xuanbu. Erqianshi Department, in charge of central government offices, water and fire incidents, bandits, lawsuits, and criminal law; it was also called the Zei Department. Min Department, in charge of construction projects, labor assignments, salt pools, and hunting reserves. Ke Department, in charge of Qiang and Hu envoys paying homage. When the imperial procession was held in full ceremonial form, they were responsible for escorting the emperor's carriage. Emperor Guangwu of Later Han divided the Erqianshi Department and Ke Department into two departments: Nan Zhuke and Bei Zhuke. They wore the Liangliang Crown and Nayan headpiece. Some say there were six departments. According to later records, "the Ke Department was divided into two," making it the Six Departments of Heaven. The Jin dynasty records also state: "In addition to the Five Departments of Former Han, a Zhongdu Guan Department was added, forming six departments." According to Ying Shao's "Han Officials," "The Erqianshi Department is in charge of matters related to the central government offices." Therefore, there should not have been an additional Zhongdu Guan department. Now following Ying Shao's account, it is five departments with six officials. Wei Lang, courtesy name Shaoying, was appointed as a Secretary of State and twice promoted to the Zwei (Purple Microscope) rank. He spoke frankly in court and was respected by all officials. Zhang Ling, courtesy name Chuchong, also served as a Secretary of State. During the New Year's court audience, Liang Ji entered the palace wearing a sword; Ling scolded him and ordered the sword to be taken away. He impeached Liang Ji, and an imperial edict was issued allowing Liang Ji to redeem his crime with a year's salary. Zhang Ling, courtesy name Zhongyu, served as a Secretary of State; he was indifferent and unambitious. He resigned due to illness and returned home, but was granted the salary of a Secretary of State, earning him the title "White-Robed Secretary." The Wei dynasty had the Li Bu (Ministry of Officials), Zuomin, Ke Cao, Wubing, and Du Zhi departments; altogether there were five Secretaries of State. At the beginning of the Jin dynasty, there were six departments: Li Bu (Ministry of Personnel), San Gong, Ke Cao, Jia Bu, Tun Tian, and Du Zhi. No Wubing Department. During the Taikang era, there were six departments: Li Bu (Ministry of Official Personnel), Dianzhong, Wubing, Tiancao, Du Zhi, and Zuomin; these formed the Six Department Secretaries. No Jia Bu, San Gong, or Ke Cao departments. After crossing the river (referring to the relocation of the capital during the Jin dynasty), there were five Secretaries: Li Bu, Ci Bu, Wubing, Zuomin, and Du Zhi. All were granted copper seals with black silk sashes, wore the Jinxian Two-Bamboo Crown, Nayan headpiece, crimson court robes, and jade pendants made of greenish-blue water jade. They rode in light carriages with black wheels, holding tablets and carrying burdens on their shoulders. Those who were granted the title of Attendant Officials wore a left-side sable fur pelt and golden cicada ornaments as part of their official dress. The Song dynasty had the Li Bu, Ci Bu, Du Zhi, Zuomin departments. The Zuomin Secretary oversaw both the Zuomin and Jia Bu departments. Du Guan, Wubing—six Secretaries of State in total. Secretaries wore the Nayan headpiece and Jinxian Two-Bamboo Crowns, and were adorned with jade pendants made of blue-green water jade. The Qi and Liang dynasties followed the same system as the Song dynasty. Hou Jing changed the Wubing Department of the Liang dynasty to a Qibing Secretary. The "Zhi Guan Lu" also states: "In the Qi dynasty, the rank and attire of Secretaries were entirely consistent with the regulations." There was also a separate Qibu Department, but it was not permanently established. Liang He Yin, courtesy name Ziji, served as the Zuomin Secretary. Later he resigned from office and retreated to Yuyeshan Yunmen Temple, where the court offered him a salary befitting a "White-Robe Secretary of State," but Yin firmly declined. Dao Qia served as Zhongcheng (Vice Censor-in-Chief), while his elder brother Dai Gai was the Zuomin Secretary of State. Previously, a Zhongcheng could not enter the subordinates' quarters beneath the Secretaries of State. Qia cited that familial obligations should not be obstructed and requested the court to investigate and make a detailed ruling. They were then allowed to visit Gai in his office, as it was considered that their deep brotherly bond could not be severed. The Chen dynasty followed the same system as the Liang dynasty. lø Later, at the beginning of the Wei dynasty, there was a Dianzhong Department, in charge of troops, horses, granaries, and warehouses within the palace. Yuebu (Music Bureau), in charge of music performers, acrobats, and law enforcement officers. Jiabu, in charge of oxen, horses, donkeys, and mules. Nanbu (Southern Department), in charge of commanderies and states along the southern border. Beibu (Northern Department) was in charge of commanderies and states on the northern frontier. Five Secretaries of State. Later there was also a Libu (Ministry of Personnel). Initially called the Xuanbu Department. Bingbu, Du Guan, Du Zhi, Qibing, Cibu, Mincao and other Secretaries of State. There were also Jinbu (Treasury Department), Kubu, Yucao, Yicao, Youmin, Zaiguan departments. Yuan Ti served as the Zaiguan Secretary of State. Dumu (Pasture Department), Yuan Zhen served as the Dumu Secretary of State. Mucao, Youcao, Taicang (Grand Granary), Taiguan (Imperial Kitchen), Qicao, Shendu, Yitongcao and other Secretaries of State departments. From the Jinbu Department downward, these merely bore the title "Secretary of State" without detailed records of their duties. The Northern Qi dynasty had the Libu, Dianzhong departments. Dianzhong oversaw the Dianzhong Cao department, which was responsible for maintaining records of officials remaining in charge during imperial processions, palace guards and security, as well as the Yicao, Sangong, Jia Bu departments, totaling four departments. Cibu, Wubing (Five Armies), Du Guan (General Administration of Justice), and Du Zhi (Finance) formed the six Secretaries of State. The Later Zhou dynasty did not have a Secretary of State position. During the Sui dynasty, there were Six Department Secretaries: Li Bu (Ministry of Rites), Li Bu (Ministry of Ceremonies), Bingbu (Ministry of War), Xingbu (Ministry of Justice), Hubu (Ministry of Revenue), and Gongbu (Ministry of Works). The Tang dynasty's Secretaries of State were the same as those in the Sui dynasty. In the second year of Longshuo, the title "Shangshu" was changed to Taichangbo. The original title was restored at the beginning of Xianheng. Throughout history, the rank and status of the Libu Shangshu (Minister of Personnel) and Shilang (Deputy Minister) were consistently higher than those in other departments. | ||
| 3 | 歷代尚書: | 八座：後漢以六曹尚書并令、僕二人，謂之八座。魏以五曹尚書、二僕射、一令為八座，宋齊八座與魏同。晉梁陳不言八座之數。隋以六尚書、左右僕射及令為八座，大唐與隋同。凡歷代尚書，有五曹則兼以二僕射、一令為八座；有六曹則以左右僕射為一座，兼令共為八座；若有六曹而左右僕射並闕，則以尚書僕射及令為八座；若尚書唯有五曹，又無左右僕射，則不備矣。 |
| The Eight Ministers: In the Later Han dynasty, the six department Secretaries of State together with the two officials—the Minister and the Puye—were collectively referred to as the "Eight Seats." In the Wei dynasty, five department Secretaries of State, two Puye officials, and one Minister formed the Eight Seats. The Song and Qi dynasties followed this system as well. The Jin, Liang, and Chen dynasties did not specify the number of Eight Seats. In the Sui dynasty, six Secretaries of State, the Left and Right Puye officials, and the Minister formed the Eight Seats; the Tang dynasty followed this system. In every dynasty, when there were Five Departments of Secretaries, they combined with two Puye officials and one Minister to form the Eight Seats; when there were Six Departments, the Left and Right Puyes formed a single seat, combined with the Minister to make up the Eight Seats; if there were Six Departments but both Left and Right Puyes were vacant, then the Shangshu Puye (Minister of State) and Minister would form the Eight Seats; if there were only Five Departments among the Secretaries and no Left or Right Puyes, then the Eight Seats would not be complete. | ||
| 4 | 歷代尚書: | 歷代郎官：尚書郎，漢置四人，分掌尚書事，一人主匈奴單于營部，一人主羌夷吏民，一人主戶口墾田，一人主財帛委輸。後漢尚書侍郎三十六人，後漢志曰：「尚書六曹，侍郎三十六人，一曹六人也。」又，漢官儀「尚書侍郎三十五人」。又晉志曰：「光武分尚書為六曹之後，合置三十四人。」並未詳孰是。主作文書起草，取孝廉年未五十，先試牋奏，選有吏能者為之。更直五日於建禮門內。尚書郎初從三署詣臺試，初上臺稱守尚書郎中，歲滿稱尚書郎，三歲稱侍郎，五歲遷大縣。其遷為縣令，縣令秩滿自占縣，詔書賜錢三萬，與三臺租錢，餘官則否。吏部典劇，多超遷者。鄭弘為僕射，奏以臺職任尊而賞薄，人無樂者，請使郎補二千石，自此始也。八座受成事，決於郎，下筆為詔策，出言為詔命。後漢尚書陳忠上疏曰：「尚書出納帝命，為王喉舌之官。臣等既愚闇，諸郎多文俗吏，鮮有雅才，每為詔文，宣示內外，轉相求請。」其入直，官供青縑白綾被，或以錦惞為之。惞，私列反。惞，繫也。給帳帷、茵褥、通中枕。太官供食物，湯官供餅餌及五熟果實之屬，五日一美食，下天子一等。給尚書郎伯史一人，女侍史二人，皆選端正妖麗，執香爐，護衣服。奏事明光殿，因得侍省中，省中皆以胡粉塗壁，畫古賢烈士。以丹朱漆地，故謂之丹墀。尚書郎口含雞舌香，以其奏事答對，欲使氣息芬芳也。奏事則與黃門侍郎對揖。黃門侍郎稱已聞，乃出。丞、郎月賜赤管大筆一雙，隃麋墨一丸。後漢王譯為尚書侍郎，臺閣議奏，常依義據法，為三臺之表。又馮豹字仲文，為尚書郎。每奏事未報，常俯伏省閣下，或從昏至明。天子默使持被覆之，不驚也。日暮，諸郎下，豹每獨在後，帝嘉之。又三輔決錄曰：「陳重與其友雷義俱拜尚書郎，義以左黜，重見義去官，亦以病免。又徐防為尚書郎，職典樞機，周密畏慎。隃麋，今汧陽縣，出墨。魏自黃初，改祕書為中書，置通事郎，掌詔草。即今中書舍人之任。而尚書郎有二十三人，有殿中、吏部、駕部、金部、虞曹、比部、南主客、祠部、度支、庫部、農部、水部、儀曹、三公、倉部、民曹、二千石、中兵、外兵、都兵、別兵、考功、定課。非復漢時職任。青龍二年，尚書令陳矯奏置都官、騎兵，合凡二十五郎。每一郎缺，白試諸孝廉能結文案者五人，謹封奏其姓名以補之。魏韓宣為尚書郎，嘗以職事當受罰，已縛，束杖未行，文帝輦過，聞而解之。晉尚書郎選極清美，號為大臣之副。武帝時，有三十四曹。加魏直事、屯田、起部、左士、右士。其民曹、中兵、外兵分為左右，主客又分為左右南北。無農部、定課、考功。凡三十四曹。後又置運曹，為三十五曹。置郎中二十三人，更相統攝。晉魏舒字陽元，，為尚書郎。時欲沙汰郎官，非其才者罷之。舒曰：「吾即其人也。」襆被而出，同寮無清論者，咸有媿色。又解參兄弟少連、叔連、稚連，俱歷太子洗馬、舍人、尚書郎，州里榮之。又賈充改定律令，以裴楷為定科郎。或為三十六曹。晉裴秀以尚書三十六曹統事，准例不明，宜使諸卿任職，未及奏而薨。當五王之難，其都官、中騎、三曹郎晝出督戰，夜還理事。嵇含言於長沙王乂曰：「昔魏武每有軍事，增置掾屬。尚書令陳矯以有軍事，亦奏增郎。況今都官、中騎、三曹，晝出督戰，夜還理事，一人兩役，內外廢乏。含謂各有主帥，委之大將軍，不宜復令臺寮雜與其閒。」乂從之，乃增郎及令史。東晉有十五曹，殿中、祠部、吏部、儀曹、三公、比部、金部、度支、都官、左民、起部、倉部、庫部、中兵、外兵。自過江之後，官資小減。王坦之字文度，選曹將擬為尚書郎，坦之聞曰：「自過江，尚書郎正用第二人，何得以此見擬？」其子國寶好傾側，婦父謝安惡之，除尚書郎。國寶以為中興膏腴之族，唯作吏部，不作餘曹郎，怨之，辭不拜。又宋江智淵改尚書庫部郎。時高流官序，不為臺郎，智淵門孤援寡，獨有此選，意甚不悅，固辭不拜。梁王筠除尚書殿中郎。王氏過江以來，未有居郎署者。或勸不就，筠曰：「陸平原東南之秀，王文度獨步江東，吾得比蹤昔人，何所多恨。」乃忻然就職。桓玄僭位，改都官郎為賊曹。宋高祖時，有十九曹。元嘉以後，有二十曹郎。三公、比部主法制，度支主算，都官主軍事、刑獄。其餘曹所掌各如其名。宋武帝初，加置騎兵、主客、起部、水部四曹，并東晉舊十五曹，合為十九曹。元嘉十八年，增刪定曹郎，即魏世之定科郎也。三十年，又置功論郎，後又省騎兵，故為二十曹。齊依元嘉制，其拜吏部郎，亦有表讓之禮。齊謝朓遷尚書吏部郎，上表三讓。中書疑朓官未及讓，以問沈約。約曰：「宋元嘉中，范曄讓吏部，朱循之讓黃門，蔡興宗讓中書，並三表詔答，其事宛然。近代小官不讓，遂成常俗，恐此有乖讓意。王藍田、劉安西並貴重，初自不讓，今豈可慕此不讓耶？孫興公、孔顗並讓記室，今豈可三署皆讓耶？謝吏部今授超階，讓別有意，豈關官之大小？」梁加三曹，為二十三曹。加殿中、虞曹、屯田。其郎中舊用員外郎、正主簿、正佐有才地者為之，遷通直郎。天監三年，復置侍郎，視通直郎，郎中遷為之。梁到洽為尚書殿中郎。洽兄弟群從，遞居此職，時人榮之。又殿中郎闕，武帝曰：「此曹舊用文學，且居鴈行之首，宜詳擇其人。」乃以張緬為之。陳有二十一曹。省梁二曹，不知何曹。後魏三十六曹。史闕其文。至西魏十二年，改為十二部。後周既改為部，遂以柳慶為計部郎中。又柳靖為尚書度支郎，遷正員郎。今人或謂前代正員郎即今尚書郎中。按歷代所稱正員郎者，即散騎侍郎耳，謂非員外通直者，故謂之正員郎，則非尚書之職。自魏晉以後，尚書省自有郎中官，不應更置正員郎。北齊有二十八曹。吏部、考功、主爵、殿中、儀曹、三公、駕部、祠部、主客、虞曹、屯田、起部、左中兵、右中兵、左外兵、右外兵、都兵、都官、二千石、比部、水部、膳部、度支、倉部、左民、右民、金部、庫部。其吏部、三公各二人，餘並一人，凡三十郎中。後魏、北齊唯置郎中。隋初尚書有六曹、二十四司，凡領三十六侍郎，吏部、司勳、主客、膳部、兵部、職方、都官、司門、度支、戶部、比部、刑部等侍郎各二人，主爵、考功、禮部、祠部、駕部、庫部、金部、倉部、工部、屯田、虞部、水部侍郎各一人。分司官曹務，直禁省，如漢之制。至開皇六年，二十四司又各置員外郎一人，以司其曹之籍帳，侍郎闕，則釐其曹事。今尚書員外郎，其置自此始。以前歷代皆謂之尚書郎，各以曹名為稱首，或謂之侍郎，皆無員外之號。前代史傳及職官要錄或有言員外郎者，蓋謂員外散騎侍郎耳，非尚書之職，說在散騎篇。前代所言郎官，上應列宿，蓋謂三署郎，非謂今尚書郎中也，具三署郎敘篇中。煬帝即位，以尚書六曹各置侍郎一人，以貳尚書之職。今之侍郎，其置自此始也。或有曹加二人者。夫侍郎之名舊矣。漢凡諸郎皆掌更直，執戟宿衛諸殿門，以侍衛之故，通謂之侍郎。故武帝時拜東方朔為郎，當時謂之「官不過侍郎，位不過執戟」是也。歷代尚書，亦有侍郎。隋初，尚書諸曹二十四司，諸郎皆謂之侍郎，通若今之郎官耳，非今六部侍郎之任。自漢以來，尚書侍郎悉然。改諸司侍郎但曰郎，則今郎中之職。又改吏部為選部郎，禮部為儀曹郎，兵部為兵曹郎，刑部為憲曹郎，工部為起曹郎，以異六侍郎之名。廢諸司員外郎，而每司增置一曹郎，各為二員。都司置左右司郎中各一人，品同諸曹郎，掌都省之職。尋又每減一郎，置承務郎一人，同開皇員外郎之職。大唐改隋諸司郎為郎中，每曹又復置員外郎。武德六年，廢六司侍郎，貞觀二年復舊。今尚書省有左右司郎中各一人，員外郎各一人，分管尚書六曹事。其諸曹諸司郎中總三十人，員外郎總三十一人，通謂之郎官，尤重其選。凡郎中章服，皆玄冕五旒，衣無章，裳刺黻一章，兩梁冠；凡員外郎章服，並爵弁玄纓簪，尊者衣纁裳，一梁冠。其職任名數，各列在六曹之後。 |
| Officials of the Secretariat throughout history: Shangshu Lang (Secretaries), were established by the Han dynasty with four officials, each responsible for different duties related to the Secretariat. One was in charge of the Xiongnu Chanyu's military and administrative affairs; one managed Qiang and Yi ethnic officials and civilians; one oversaw household registration and cultivated land; and one handled financial resources and transportation of goods. In the Later Han dynasty, there were thirty-six Assistant Secretaries of State. Later Han records say: "The Secretariat had six departments, and thirty-six Assistant Secretaries; one department had six Assistant Secretaries." Additionally, the "Han Officials' Instruments" states: "There were thirty-five Assistant Secretaries of State." The Jin dynasty records also say: "After Emperor Guangwu divided the Secretariat into six departments, a total of thirty-four officials were appointed." It is not clearly stated which account is correct. They were mainly responsible for drafting official documents, and officials selected from filial piety and integrity candidates under the age of fifty. These individuals first underwent tests on memorials and edicts, and those who demonstrated administrative competence were appointed to these positions. They took turns serving for five days at the Jianli Gate. Initially, Shangshu Lang officials were selected from the three offices and underwent examinations at the Tai (Imperial Court). Upon first entering service, they were called "Shou Shangshu Langzhong" (Acting Secretary of State); after one year, they became known as Shangshu Lang; after three years, they advanced to Shilang (Assistant Minister); and after five years, they could be promoted to positions in major counties. Those who were promoted to county magistrates, upon completing their term in office and returning from their post, would personally report back. The imperial edict granted them 30,000 coins as a reward, along with the rent money collected by the three Tai (Imperial Courts), whereas other officials did not receive such benefits. The Libu department was responsible for important administrative affairs and had many officials who were promoted beyond their normal rank. Zheng Hong, as Puye (Minister), submitted a memorial stating that the Tai positions were prestigious but poorly rewarded, and thus no one was eager to serve. He requested that Secretaries be allowed to fill vacancies at the Erqianshi level; this practice began from then on. The Eight Seats received completed matters, which were decided by the Lang officials. Their written words became imperial edicts and their spoken words became royal commands. Later Han Secretary of State Chen Zhong submitted a memorial stating: "The Secretariat receives and issues imperial commands, serving as the mouthpiece for the king. We, being both foolish and obscure, have many Secretaries who are merely literate bureaucrats with little refined talent. Whenever we draft imperial edicts to be announced inside and outside the court, they often seek favors from one another." When entering for duty, officials were provided with blue silk and white brocade blankets, or sometimes made of embroidered satin. Zhang, pinyin: zhāng, pinyin pronunciation is "zhāng". Zhang means to tie or fasten. They were provided with tents, canopies, mats, and through-the-middle pillows. The Taiguan (Imperial Kitchen) provided food, and the Tangguan (Soup Office) supplied steamed buns, cakes, and other five kinds of cooked fruits. A special delicacy was served every five days, one rank below that of the Son of Heaven. One male attendant and two female attendants were assigned to each Shangshu Lang, all carefully selected for their upright character and graceful beauty. They carried incense burners and took care of the official's clothing. When presenting matters in Mingguang Hall, they were thus allowed to serve within the palace. The walls of the palace were all coated with hu fen (a type of white powder) and painted with images of ancient virtuous men and heroic figures. The floor was painted red with cinnabar, hence it was called Danchi (Red Terrace). Shangshu Lang officials placed Ji She Xiang (a kind of aromatic) in their mouths, as when they presented matters and answered questions before the throne, it was desired that their breath would be fragrant. When presenting matters, they would bow to each other with the Huangmen Shilang (Attendant-in-Ordinary). The Huangmen Shilang would say "I have heard," and then they would leave. Each month, the Cheng (Assistant Minister) and Lang officials were granted a pair of red-handled large brushes and one piece of Youmi ink. Later Han Wang Yi served as Shangshu Shilang (Deputy Secretary of State). When deliberating and submitting proposals in the Tai Ge (Imperial Office), he often relied on principles and legal precedents, setting an example for the Three Tai. Also Feng Bao, courtesy name Zhongwen, served as Shangshu Lang (Secretary of State). Whenever he presented matters and had not yet received a response, he often knelt prostrate beneath the palace hall, sometimes from dusk until dawn. The Son of Heaven silently ordered someone to cover him with a blanket and did not disturb him. As evening fell, the other Lang officials left one by one, but Bao often remained behind alone; the emperor commended him for this. Also, according to the San Fu Jue Lu: "Chen Zhong and his friend Lei Yi were both appointed as Shangshu Lang. When Yi was demoted from the left side (a position of lower rank), Zhong saw Yi resigning from office and also claimed illness to be relieved of duty. Also Xu Fang served as Shangshu Lang, responsible for critical matters; he was meticulous and cautious in his duties. Youmi is now Qianyang Xian (Qianyang County), which produces ink. In the Wei dynasty, since Huangchu era, the position of Mishi was changed to Zhongshu (Imperial Secretariat), and Tongshi Lang officials were appointed to oversee the drafting of imperial edicts. This is equivalent to the role of Zhongshu Sheren (Imperial Secretary) in later times. And there were twenty-three Shangshu Lang officials, including the Dianzhong, Libu, Jiafu, Jinbu, Yucao, Bibu, Nan Zhuke, Cibu, Du zhi, Kubu, Nongbu, Shui bu, Yicao, San gong, Cangbu, Mincao, Erqianshi, Zhongbing, Waibing, Duding, Biebing, Kaogong, and Dingke departments. This was no longer the same as the duties of these positions during the Han dynasty. In the second year of Qinglong (234 AD), Shangshu Ling Chen Jiao submitted a memorial requesting the establishment of Duguan and Qibing positions, totaling twenty-five Lang officials altogether. Whenever a vacancy for one of the Lang posts occurred, five candidates among those who had passed the Xiu Lian (Filial and Upright) examination and were capable of handling official documents would be selected. Their names were carefully sealed in a report and submitted to fill the position. In Wei, Han Xuan served as Shangshu Lang and once received a punishment for official duties. He was already bound but had not yet been flogged when Emperor Wen passed by in his palanquin; upon hearing of this, the emperor released him. In the Jin dynasty, the selection of Shangshu Lang was considered extremely prestigious and honorable; these officials were regarded as deputies to high-ranking ministers. During Emperor Wu's reign, there were thirty-four Cao (Departments). Adding the Wei dynasty positions of Zhishi, Tuntian, Qibu, Zuoshi, and Youshi. The Mincao (Ministry of People), Zhongbing (Central Military), and Waibing (Outer Military) were divided into left and right sections. The Zhuke (Ministry of Guests) was further split into left, right, northern, and southern divisions. The Nongbu (Agricultural Department), Dingke (Taxation Office), and Kaogong (Office of Merit Evaluation) were not included. This totaled thirty-four Cao departments. Later, the Yuncao (Transport Department) was added, making a total of thirty-five Cao departments. Twenty-three Langzhong officials were appointed to oversee and coordinate with one another. In the Jin dynasty, Wei Shu, courtesy name Yangyuan, served as Shangshulang (Secretary of State). /nopt At that time, there was an intention to eliminate inefficient Lang officials; those lacking in talent were dismissed. Shu said: "I am exactly such a person." He left with only his bedding and belongings, and all of his colleagues who lacked integrity felt ashamed. Also, the brothers Jie Can—Jiu Lian, Shu Lian, and Zhi Lian—all served as Tai Zi Xima (Attendant of the Crown Prince), Sheren (Clerk), and Shangshu Lang in turn; their hometown honored them. Also, Jia Chong revised the laws and regulations, appointing Pei Kai as Dingke Lang (Officer for Legal Codification). Some sources list thirty-six Cao departments. In the Jin dynasty, Pei Xiu believed that the thirty-six Cao departments of the Shangshu were responsible for too many matters and lacked clear precedents. He suggested assigning these duties to various 卿 (ministerial officials), but before he could submit his proposal, he passed away. During the crisis of the Five Kings, the Duguan, Zhongqi, and three Cao Lang officials went out during the day to supervise battles and returned at night to handle administrative affairs. Ji Han said to Changsha Wang Yi: "In the past, Wei Wu (Cao Cao) often added clerks and subordinates whenever there were military affairs. Shangshu Ling Chen Jiao also submitted a proposal to increase the number of Lang officials due to military matters. Now, considering that Duguan, Zhong Qi, and the three Cao departments are required to go out during the day to oversee battles and return at night to manage administrative affairs, each official is performing two roles simultaneously, leading to exhaustion both inside and outside. Han said: "Each should have its own commander; these matters are entrusted to the Grand General, and it is not appropriate for officials from the Tai (Imperial Secretariat) to be involved in such affairs." Yi followed his advice and thus increased the number of Lang officers as well as Ling Shi (clerks). In the Eastern Jin dynasty, there were fifteen Cao departments, including Dianzhong (Imperial Hall), Cibu (Rites Department), Libu (Ministry of Personnel), Yicao (Ceremonial Office), Sanguo (Three Ministers' Affairs), Bibu (Comparative Records), Jinbu (Treasury Department), Du zhi (Finance Office), Duguan (Office of Justice), Zuomin (Left People's Affairs), Qibu (Construction Department), Cangbu (Grain Department), Kubu (Storehouse Department), Zhongbing (Central Army), and Waibing (External Army). After crossing the river to the south, the status of these official positions somewhat declined. Wang Tanshi, courtesy name Wending, was about to be nominated by the Xuancao (Office of Selection) as Shangshu Lang when he heard of it. He said: "Since crossing the river, the position of Shangshu Lang has been reserved for the second-ranking official; how can I possibly be considered for this post?" His son Guobao was fond of scheming and intrigue. His father-in-law Xie An disliked him, yet he was still appointed as Shangshu Lang anyway. Guobao believed that his family, a distinguished lineage of the renewed dynasty, should only hold positions in Libu (Ministry of Officials) and not serve as Lang officials in other departments. He resented this appointment and declined to accept it. Also, during the Song dynasty, Jiang Zhiyuan was transferred to serve as Kubu Lang (Storehouse Department Secretary) in the Shangshu office. At that time, high-ranking officials did not serve as Tai Lang (Imperial Secretariat Officials). Zhiyuan's family lacked influential connections and this was the only position available to him. He felt very unhappy about it and firmly declined the appointment. In the Liang dynasty, Wang An was appointed as Dianzhong Lang (Imperial Hall Secretary) in the Shangshucao (Secretariat). Since the Wang family had crossed the river to the south, no member of their clan had ever held a position as Lang official. Some advised him not to accept the position, but Jun said: "Lu Pingyuan was a distinguished figure in the southeast, and Wang Wending walked alone as the most outstanding person in Jiangdong. If I can follow in their footsteps, what more could I regret?" And so he happily accepted the position. Huan Xuan, after usurping power, changed the title of Duguan Lang to Zecao (Thief Department). During Emperor Gaozu's reign in the Song dynasty, there were nineteen Cao departments. After Yuanjia era, there were twenty Lang officials for the Cao departments. The Sanguo and Bibu departments were in charge of legal systems, Du zhi handled financial calculations, and Duguan oversaw military affairs and criminal justice. The other Cao departments each managed matters according to their respective names. At the beginning of Emperor Wu's reign in the Song dynasty, four new Cao departments—Qibing (Cavalry), Zhuke (Ministry of Guest Affairs), Qibu (Works Department), and Shui Bu (Water Department)—were added. Combined with the fifteen existing Cao departments from the Eastern Jin dynasty, this made a total of nineteen Cao departments. In the eighteenth year of Yuangjia (441 AD), the number and responsibilities of Cao Lang officials were adjusted, which was equivalent to the Dingke Lang position in the Wei dynasty. In the thirtieth year (453 AD), another position, Gonglun Lang (Merit Evaluation Officer), was added. Later, Qibing Cao was abolished, hence there were twenty Cao departments in total. The Qi dynasty followed the Yuangjia system; when appointing a Libu Lang (Ministry of Personnel Secretary), there was also a formal ceremony involving the submission of a humble request for the position. In Qi, Xie Tiao was promoted to Shangshu Libu Lang (Secretary in the Ministry of Personnel) and submitted a memorial three times declining the appointment. The Zhongshu officials doubted whether Tiao's position was high enough to warrant such formal refusals, and consulted Shen Yue on the matter. Yue replied: "During the Yuangjia period of the Song dynasty, Fan Ye declined a position in Libu, Zhu Xunzhi refused Huangmen (Attendant-in-Ordinary), and Cai Xingzong turned down Zhongshu. All three submitted three memorials to which imperial edicts were given; these events are clearly recorded." "In recent times, minor officials have ceased such refusals and it has become a common custom. I fear this deviates from the original spirit of humility." "Wang Lantian and Liu Anxi were both esteemed figures, yet they did not refuse their appointments at the beginning. Why should we now emulate this refusal for such a position?" "Sun Xinggong and Kong Yi both declined the position of Jishi (Recorder), but should we now have officials in all three departments refusing their appointments?" "Xie's appointment to Libu is a promotion beyond his current rank; his refusal must have another intention, and it has nothing to do with the size of the office!" The Liang dynasty added three Cao departments, making a total of twenty-three. Added Dianzhong (Hall Department), Yucao (Department of Hunting and Forestry), and Tuntian (Military Farming Office). The Langzhong positions were traditionally filled by Yuwai Lang (Extraordinary Officials), Zheng Zhubu (Chief Clerk), and Zheng Zuo (Deputy Officials) who possessed both talent and noble lineage, after which they could be promoted to Tongzhi Lang. In the third year of Tianjian (504 AD), the position of Shilang was reestablished, equivalent in rank to Tongzhi Lang; Langzhong officials could be promoted into this role. In Liang, Dao Qia served as Shangshu Dianzhong Lang. Qia's brothers and cousins held this position in succession; at the time, people regarded them with honor. When a vacancy occurred in the Dianzhong Lang position, Emperor Wu said: "This department has traditionally been filled by men of literary talent. Moreover, it ranks first among the Yaxing (Imperial Officials), so we should carefully select the right person for this role." Thus, Zhang Mian was appointed to fill the position. The Chen dynasty had twenty-one Cao departments. Two Cao departments were abolished from the Liang system, but it is unknown which ones they were. The Later Wei dynasty had thirty-six Cao departments. Historical records lack the details. In the twelfth year of the Western Wei dynasty, they were reorganized into twelve Bu (Departments). After the Later Zhou changed them to Bu departments, Liu Qing was appointed as Jibu Langzhong. Also, Liu Jing served as Shangshu Du zhi Lang and later advanced to Zhengyuan Lang (Regular Official). Some people today believe that the Zhengyuan Lang of previous dynasties is equivalent to the modern Shangshu Langzhong. According to the titles of various dynasties, those referred to as Zhengyuan Lang were actually Sanqi Shilang. The term "Zhengyuan" meant that they were not Waiyuan Tongzhi (attending officials outside the regular ranks), and thus called Zhengyuan Lang; however, this was not a position within the Shangshu Department. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Shangshu Sheng (Ministry of Works) had its own Langzhong officials; therefore, it should not have established additional Zhengyuan Lang positions. The Northern Qi dynasty had twenty-eight Cao departments. Lishi, Kaogong, Zhujue, Dianzhong, Yicao, San Gong, Jia Bu, Cibu, Zhuke, Yucao, Tun Tian, Qi Bu, Zuo Zhongbing, You Zhongbing, Zuo Wai Bing, You Wai Bing, Dou Bing, Douguan, Erqianshi, Bi Bu, Shui Bu, Shanbu, Du zhi, Cang Bu, Zuomin, Youmin, Jin Bu, Ku Bu. The Lishi and San Gong departments each had two officials, while the rest had one official each, totaling thirty Langzhong (attending officials). Only Langzhong positions were established during the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties. At the beginning of the Sui dynasty, the Shangshu (Ministry of Works) was divided into six Cao departments and twenty-four Si (offices), overseeing a total of thirty-six Shilang (attending officials). The Shilangs in Lishi, Sixun, Zhuke, Shanbu, Bingbu, Zhi Fang, Douguan, Simen, Du zhi, Hubei, Bi Bu, and Xingbu each had two officials; while the Shilangs in Zhujue, Kaogong, Libu, Cibu, Jiabu, Kubu, Jinbu, Cangbu, Gongbu, Tun Tian, Yubu, and Shuibian each had one official. They divided the responsibilities of various departments, served directly in the imperial palace, following the system of the Han dynasty. By the sixth year of Kaihuang, each of the twenty-four Si offices was also assigned one Waiyuan Lang (attending official outside the regular quota) to manage the records and accounts of their respective departments. When a Shilang position was vacant, the Waiyuan Lang would assume responsibility for the affairs of that department. The current system of Shangshu Waiyuan Lang originated from this point. Before this, in previous dynasties, they were all called Shangshu Lang, with each department's name serving as the prefix of their title; some were also referred to as Shilang, but none bore the designation Waiyuan. Historical records and official biographies from previous dynasties may occasionally mention Waiyuan Lang, but this refers to the Waiyuan Sanqi Shilang (an external attending official of the Sanqi system), not an office within the Shangshu department. This is discussed in detail in the section on Sanqi. The term "Langguan" (attending official) used in previous dynasties referred to the three Shu Lang officials, who were said to correspond to the constellations above; this was not referring to today's Shangshu Langzhong positions. This is fully explained in the section on the Three Shu Lang Officials. When Emperor Yangdi ascended the throne, he established one Shilang for each of the six Cao departments under the Shangshu, to serve as deputies to the Shangshu officials. The current system of appointing Shilangs originated from this time. Some departments had two additional officials added to their ranks. The title Shilang has been in use for a long time. In the Han dynasty, all Lang officials were responsible for rotating night duty, holding halberds to guard palace gates and serve as imperial bodyguards. Because of their role in protection, they were generally referred to collectively as Shilang. Thus, when Emperor Wu appointed Dongfang 朔 as a Lang official, it was said at the time: "His position did not exceed that of Shilang, and his rank did not surpass that of one who holds a halberd." Throughout various dynasties, the Shangshi (Ministry of Works) also had Shilang officials. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, all twenty-four departments under the six Cao divisions of the Shangshu were staffed with officials called Shilang; this was a general term for attending officials at that time and did not refer to the specific roles of today's Six Ministries' Shilangs. Since the Han dynasty, this system applied to all Shangshu Shilangs as well. The title of Shilang in various departments was later changed simply to "Lang," which corresponds to the current position of Langzhong. In addition, the Lishi was renamed Xuanbu Lang, Libu as Yicao Lang, Bingbu as Bingcao Lang, Xingbu as Xiancao Lang, and Gongbu as Qicao Lang, to distinguish their titles from those of the Six Shilangs. The Waiyuan Lang positions in various departments were abolished, and instead, each department added one Cao Lang position with two officials. The Dusi (Office of the Director) established one Zuoshi Langzhong and Youshi Langzhong each, with ranks equal to those of other Cao Lang officials, responsible for overseeing the duties of the central Shangshu province. Soon after, one Lang position was reduced in each department and replaced by a single Chengwu Lang, whose duties were the same as those of the Waiyuan Lang during the Kaihuang era. The Tang dynasty changed the Sui-era departmental Lang officials to Langzhong, and in each Cao department, Waiyuan Lang positions were once again established. In the sixth year of Wude, the six Si Shilang positions were abolished; in the second year of Zhenguan, they were restored to their former status. Today, the Shangshu province has one Zuoshi Langzhong, one Youshi Langzhong, and one Waiyuan Lang each, who jointly oversee the affairs of the six Cao departments. The total number of Langzhong in various Cao and Si offices is thirty, while the Waiyuan Lang totals thirty-one. Collectively they are referred to as Langguan (attending officials), and their selection is especially important. The official attire of Langzhong includes a black ceremonial headdress with five pendants, robes without embroidered patterns, skirts with one embroidered Fu pattern, and two-ridge caps; The official attire for Waiyuan Lang includes a Jue Bian (a type of ceremonial cap) with black tassels and hairpins, the more senior officials wearing yellow robes and skirts, and single-ridge caps. Their official duties and titles are listed separately after those of the six Cao departments. ✅ | ||
| 5 | 歷代尚書: | 歷代都事主事令史：都事：晉有尚書都令史八人，秩二百石，與左右丞總知都臺事。宋、齊八人，梁五人，謂之五都令史，職與晉同。舊用人常輕，武帝詔曰：「尚書五都，職參政要，非但總領眾局，亦乃方軌二丞。頃雖求才，未臻妙簡。可革用士流，以盡時彥。」乃以都令史視奉朝請。其時，以太學博士劉訥兼殿中都，司空法曹參軍劉顯兼吏部都，太學博士孔虔孫兼金部都，司空法曹參軍蕭軌兼左民都，宣毅墨曹參軍王顒兼中兵都。五人並以才地兼美，歷茲選矣。隋開皇初，改都令史為都事，置八人。煬帝分隸六尚書，置六人，領六曹事。大唐因之。 |
| Officials such as Dudushiguan, Zhushi Lingshi in various dynasties: Dudushiguan: In the Jin dynasty, there were eight Shangshu Duling Shi (attending clerks), each with a rank of 200 dan, who together with the Zuo and You Cheng (Left and Right Vice-Ministers) jointly oversaw the affairs of the central office. In the Song and Qi dynasties, there were also eight such officials; in the Liang dynasty, five of them, known as Wu Duling Shi (Five Attending Clerks), held duties identical to those during the Jin dynasty. In the past, these officials were often regarded as of low status. Emperor Wu issued an edict stating: "The five Duling Shi of Shangshu hold important advisory roles in government affairs; they are not only responsible for overseeing various departments but also serve a function comparable to that of the two Cheng (Vice-Ministers)." Recently, although efforts have been made to recruit talent, truly outstanding individuals have not yet been selected. It is advisable to appoint officials from the scholar-official class so as to fully utilize the most capable men of this era." Thus, Duling Shi were granted status equivalent to those who attended court audiences. At that time, Tai Xue Bohu Liu Ne was concurrently appointed as Dianzhong Du; Sikong Facao Canjun Liu Xian as Lishi Du; Tai Xue Bohu Kong Qiansun as Jinbu Du; Sikong Facao canjun Xiao Gui as Zuomin Du; Xuanyi Mecao Canjun Wang Yu as Zhongbing Du. These five individuals were all selected for their combination of talent and noble background, having been chosen through this selection process. At the beginning of Kaihuang in the Sui dynasty, Duling Shi was changed to Dudushiguan (Dudushiguan), with eight officials appointed. Emperor Yangdi later assigned them under the six Shangshu departments, appointing six Dudushiguan to oversee the affairs of each Cao department. The Tang dynasty followed this system. | ||
| 6 | 歷代尚書: | 主事：二漢有之。漢光祿勳有南北庭主事、三署主事，於諸郎之中察茂才高第者為之。後漢范滂字孟博，自光祿四行遷光祿主事。時陳蕃為光祿勳，滂執公儀詣蕃，蕃亦不止，滂懷恨，投板棄官而去。郭泰聞之曰：「若范孟博者，豈宜以公禮格之。」蕃乃謝。又胡伯蕃、公沙穆並為之。後魏於尚書諸司置主事令史。隋於諸省又各置主事令史員。煬帝三年，並去令史之名，但曰主事，隨曹閑劇，而每十令史置一主事，不滿十者亦一人，雜用士人。顏癏楚者，文學名流，為內史主事。大唐並用流外。 |
| Zhushi: They existed during the Two Han dynasties. During the Han dynasty, Guanglu Xun had Nanbei Ting Zhushi and Sanshu Zhushi positions; these were filled by outstanding candidates selected from among various Lang officials. In the Later Han dynasty, Fan Pang (zi Mengbo) was promoted from Guanglu Suxing to Guanglu Zhushi. At that time, Chen Fan was the Guanglu Xun; when Pang arrived at his office in formal official attire, Fan did not stop him. Feeling resentful, Pang returned his official seal and resigned from his post. Guo Tai heard of this and said: "A man like Fan Mengbo should not be treated with formal official etiquette." Fan then apologized. Also, Hu Bofan and Gongsha Mu both held this position. The Later Wei dynasty established Zhushi Lingshi positions in the various departments of the Shangshu. During the Sui dynasty, each provincial office also established a quota for Zhushi Lingshi officials. In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign, the title "Lingshi" was abolished and they were simply called Zhushi. Depending on how busy each Cao department was, one Zhushi was appointed for every ten Lingshi; if there were fewer than ten Lingshi, still one Zhushi would be assigned. These positions were filled with a mix of scholar-officials. Yan Guanchu was a renowned literary figure who served as Zhushi in the Neishi Department. The Tang dynasty also employed officials from outside the regular bureaucratic ranks. |
《令史 - Lingshi 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 令史: | 漢官也。後漢尚書令史十八人，曹有三人主書，後增劇曹三人，合二十一人，皆選於蘭臺符節簡練有吏能者為之。漢官儀云：「能通蒼頡史籀篇，補蘭臺令史，滿歲，補尚書令史；滿歲，為尚書郎。」後漢韋彪字孟達，上疏曰：「往時楚獄大起，故置令史以助郎職，而類多小人，好名姦利。今者務簡，可皆停省。」其尚書郎初與令史皆主文簿，其職一也。郎缺，以令史久次者補之。光武始革用孝廉，孝廉恥焉。時故事，尚書郎缺，以令史久次補之。光武始改用孝廉為郎，而孝廉丁邯稱病不就。詔問：「實病，羞為郎乎？」對曰：「臣實不病，恥以孝廉為令史職耳。」帝怒，杖之數十。詔問：「欲為郎否？」邯曰：「能殺臣者陛下，不能為郎者臣也。」中詔遣出，竟不能為郎。又郎中袁著詣闕上書，訟梁冀驕暴，冀陰殺之。學生劉常，當代名儒，素善於著，冀召常補令史，以此辱之。舊制，尚書郎限滿補縣長，令史補丞尉。尚書令鄭弘奏曰：「職尊賞薄，多無樂者，請郎補千石，令史為長。」帝從之。蜀志：董厥為府令史，諸葛亮稱之曰：「董令史，良士也。」後遷至尚書令，平臺事。西晉令史朝晡詣都座朝，江左唯早朝而已。又賈充為尚書令，以目疾，表置省事吏四人。尚書置省事，自此始也。其品職與諸曹令史同。姚萇圍苻堅，遣僕射尹緯詣堅問事。堅見其瑰傑，問曰：「卿於朕代為何官？」緯答曰：「尚書令史。」堅曰：「卿宰相才，王景略之儔也，而朕失之。今日之亡，不亦宜乎！」晉、宋蘭臺寺正書令史雖行文書，皆有品秩，朱衣執板，給書僮。孔顗為御史中丞，坐鞭令史，為有司所糾。孔顗性素儉，蘭臺令史皆三吳富人，輕顗故也。梁、陳與晉、宋同。後魏令史亦朱衣執笏，然謂之流外勳品。北齊尚書郎判事，正令史側坐，書令史過事，令史皆平揖郎，無拜。自隋以來，令史之任，文案煩屑，漸為卑冗，不參官品。開皇十五年詔：「州縣佐史，三年一代，不得重任。」煬帝以四省、三臺皆曰令史，九寺、五監、諸衛府則皆曰府史，於時令史得官者甚少，年限亦賒。隋牛弘嘗問於騎尉劉炫曰：「按周禮士多而府史少。今令史百倍於前，制官減則不濟，其故何也？」炫曰：「古人委任責成，歲終考其殿最，案不重校，文不繁悉，府史之任，掌要目而已。今之文簿，恆慮覆理，鍜鍊苦辛甚密，萬里追證百年舊案。故諺曰『老吏抱案死』。今古不同，若此之相懸也。」弘又曰：「後魏、北齊之時，令史從容而已，今則不遑寧舍，其事何也？」炫曰：「齊氏立州不過數十，三府行臺，遞相統領，文書行下，不過十條。今州二百，其繁一也。往者州唯置綱紀，郡置守丞，縣唯令而已。其所具寮，則長官自辟。受詔赴任，每州不過數十。今則不然，大小之官，悉由吏部，纖介之跡，皆屬考功，其繁二也。省官不如省事，省事不如清心。官事不省而欲從容，其可得乎！」弘甚善其言而不能用。大唐武德中，天下初定，京師穀糴貴，遠人不相願仕流外，始於諸州調佐史及朝集典充選，不獲已而為之，遂促年限，優以敘次，六七年有至本司主事及上縣尉者。自此之後，遂為官途。總章中，詔諸司令史考滿合選者，限試一經，時人嗟異，著於謠頌。時閻立本為右相，姜恪為左相。立本無他才識，時以善畫稱之。恪嘗累為將軍，立功塞外。是歲京師饑旱，弘文、崇賢、司成三館學生並放歸本貫。當時為之語曰：「左相宣威沙漠，右相馳譽丹青。三館學生放散，五臺令史明經。」 |
| This is an official of the Han dynasty. The Later Han dynasty had eighteen Secretariat clerks (shangshulingshi). Originally, each office had three scribes in charge of writing; later, three more were added for the busy offices, making a total of twenty-one. All were selected from among those at the Lantai Bureau who were experienced and capable administrators. The Han Guan Yi states: "Those who can master the Cangjie Shi Zhou pian [a classical text] may be appointed as clerks at the Lantai Bureau. After completing one year of service, they will be eligible for appointment as Secretariat clerks; after completing a full term, they may become Shangshu Lang." In the Later Han dynasty, Wei Biao, courtesy name Mengda, submitted a memorial stating: "In former times, when major legal cases arose in Chu, clerks were appointed to assist the duties of the Shangshu Lang officials. However, many of these clerks were petty individuals who loved fame and engaged in corrupt practices for personal gain." "Now that official business has become simpler, all such positions could be abolished or reduced." Initially, the Shangshu Lang and the clerks both handled official documents; their duties were essentially the same. When a vacancy occurred among the Shangshu Lang positions, it was filled by a clerk who had served for the longest time. Emperor Guangwu began to reform this practice and instead appointed those recommended as Xiaolian, which made the Xiaolian feel ashamed. At that time, according to established precedent, when a vacancy occurred in the position of Shangshu Lang, it was filled by the clerk with the longest service. Emperor Guangwu first changed this practice and began appointing Xiaolian as Shangshu Lang; however, the Xiaolian Ding Han claimed illness and refused to accept the appointment. The emperor issued an edict asking: "Are you truly ill, or are you ashamed to serve as a Shangshu Lang?" He replied: "I am not actually sick; I feel ashamed that the Xiaolian title is being used for a clerk's position." The emperor became angry and had him beaten dozens of times. The emperor issued an edict, asking: "Do you wish to serve as a Shangshulang?" Han replied: "You, Your Majesty, have the power to kill me, but I alone decide whether or not to serve as a Shangshulan." The emperor then issued an imperial decree ordering him to leave; ultimately, he never became a Shangshu Lan. Another official, Yuan Zhuo, went to the palace and submitted a memorial denouncing Liang Ji's arrogance and brutality; secretly, Liang Ji had him killed. Liu Chang, a student of the time and a renowned Confucian scholar, had always been on good terms with Zhuo. Liang Ji summoned Chang to fill a clerk position in order to humiliate him." According to the old system, when their term was completed, Shangshu Lang officers would be appointed as county magistrates, while clerks would become assistant magistrates or military officers. Shangshu Ling Zheng Hong submitted a memorial stating: "The positions are prestigious but the rewards are meager, so many do not wish to accept them. I request that Shangshu Lang be appointed to posts of rank 1000 dan, and clerks as county magistrates." The emperor followed his suggestion. Shu Zhi: Dong Jue served as a clerk, and Zhuge Liang praised him, saying: "Dong Lingshi is a fine gentleman." Later he was promoted to Shangshu Ling and handled affairs at the Pingtai. lø In the Western Jin dynasty, clerks attended court sessions in the morning and evening at the capital's main hall; however, after the southern migration to Jiangzuo, they only held early-morning court sessions. Also, Jia Chong, who served as Shangshu Ling, due to poor eyesight, submitted a memorial requesting the appointment of four clerks to assist with administrative affairs. The practice of appointing clerks specifically to handle administrative matters in the Secretariat began from this time. Their rank and duties were equivalent to those of the various departmental clerks. Yao Chang besieged Fu Jian, and sent the Puye Shi Yin Wei to visit Fu Jian to inquire about affairs. Fu Jian saw his outstanding talent and asked: "What official position did you hold in my dynasty?" Wei replied: "I was a Shangshu Lingshi." Fu Jian said: "You are a talent fit for the position of prime minister, comparable to Wang Jinglüe. It was my loss." "Today's downfall is indeed well deserved!" In the Jin and Song dynasties, the Lantai Si Zhengshu Lingshi, although responsible for handling official documents, all held official ranks. They wore red robes, carried tablets, and were provided with scribes as attendants. Kong Yi served as the Director of the Office of Censorate (Yushi Zhongcheng), and was reprimanded by the relevant authorities for having flogged a clerk. Kong Yi had always been frugal, and the Lantai clerks were all wealthy men from Sanwu; they looked down on Kong Yi for this reason. The Liang and Chen dynasties followed the same system as the Jin and Song. In the Northern Wei dynasty, clerks also wore red robes and carried tablets; however, they were classified as officials outside the regular bureaucratic ranks (liuwai xunpin). In the Northern Qi dynasty, when Shangshu Lang presided over affairs, the chief clerk (zhenglingshi) sat to the side. When a scribe clerk (shulingshi) passed by on official business, all clerks would bow at the waist to greet the Shangshu Lan but did not perform a full kowtow. Since the Sui dynasty, the role of clerks has involved increasingly tedious and detailed paperwork, gradually becoming a lowly and redundant position that no longer participated in official rank classifications. In the fifteenth year of Kaihuang, an edict was issued: "Assistant officials and clerks at the prefectural and county levels shall be replaced every three years and may not hold their positions for long." Emperor Yang, because the four provincial offices and three supervisory agencies were all referred to as "lingshi," while the nine temples, five supervisory institutions, and various military headquarters used the term "fushi," at that time very few clerks actually received official appointments, and their service terms were also extended. During the Sui dynasty, Niu Hong once asked Qiwei Liu Xuan: "According to the Rites of Zhou, there were many scholars but few clerks. Nowadays, the number of clerks is a hundred times greater than before. If we reduce official positions, it will not be sufficient; why is this so?" Xuan replied: "In ancient times, officials were entrusted with responsibilities and held accountable. At the end of each year, their performance was evaluated in terms of excellence or failure. Cases were not repeatedly reviewed, and documents did not require excessive detail; the duties of clerks involved only managing key matters. Nowadays, official documents are constantly subject to review and re-examination; they undergo painstakingly detailed scrutiny. Even cases from a hundred years ago may be investigated over vast distances. Hence, the proverb says: "An old clerk dies with his case in hand." The present and past are so different; this is how greatly they differ." Hong also asked: "In the Northern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties, clerks had leisurely duties; now they have no time for rest or peace. Why is this so?" Xuan replied: "During the Qi dynasty, there were no more than dozens of prefectures established. The three regional headquarters (Sanfu Xingtai) successively oversaw one another; official documents issued downward did not exceed ten items. Now there are two hundred prefectures, which is the first reason for increased complexity. In the past, each state had only a few key officials; each commandery had a governor and assistant magistrates; and each county had merely a county magistrate. The other subordinate officials were personally appointed by the chief official. When receiving an imperial appointment and assuming office, each state had no more than several dozen officials. Now it is different; all major and minor official appointments are handled by the Ministry of Personnel, and even the smallest details are subject to evaluation by the Office of Merit Assessment. This is the second reason for increased complexity. Reducing officials is not as effective as reducing affairs; reducing affairs is not as effective as purifying one's mind. If official duties are not reduced and yet one wishes for leisure, how can that be achieved!" Hong greatly appreciated his words but was unable to put them into practice." In the middle of the Wude period of the Tang dynasty, when the empire had just been pacified, grain prices in the capital were high and distant people did not wish to serve as officials outside the regular ranks. Therefore, clerks from various states and local officials attending court sessions (chaoji dian) were first selected for appointments; this was done out of necessity. As a result, service terms were shortened, and preferential treatment was given in rank advancement. Within six or seven years, some reached positions such as chief clerk at the central bureau or assistant magistrates of upper-level counties. From this time onward, it became a path to officialdom. During the Zongzhang period, an edict was issued requiring clerks from various commands whose service terms had been completed and who were eligible for selection to take a test on one Confucian classic. At that time, people expressed mixed feelings of lamentation and surprise, which became the subject of songs and ballads. At that time, Yan Liben served as Right Chancellor, while Jiang Ke served as Left Chancellor. Liben had no other talents or knowledge; at the time he was known only for his skill in painting. Ke had previously served repeatedly as a general and established military achievements beyond the frontier. In that year, there was famine and drought in the capital; students from the Hongwen, Chongxian, and Sicheng academies were all sent back to their native places. At that time, a saying circulated: "The Left Chancellor proclaims his might in the deserts; the Right Chancellor gains fame for his brushwork. The three academy students are sent home, while five clerks pass the Mingjing examination." |
《行臺省 - Xingtai Sheng 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 行臺省: | 行臺省，魏晉有之。昔魏末晉文帝討諸葛誕，散騎常侍裴秀、尚書僕射陳泰、黃門侍郎鍾會等以行臺從。至晉永嘉四年，東海王越帥眾許昌，以行臺自隨，是也。越請討石勒，表以行臺隨軍。及後魏，謂之尚書大行臺，別置官屬。後魏道武帝置中山行臺，以秦王儀為尚書令以鎮之。孝武永熙三年，以宇文泰為大行臺，以蘇綽為行臺度支尚書。北齊行臺兼統民事，自辛術始焉。武定八年，辛術為東南道行臺。東徐州刺史郭志殺郡守。文宣聞之，飭術曰：「江淮初附，百姓難向京師，留卿為行臺，亦欲理邊民冤枉，監理牧守。自今以後，所統十餘州地諸有犯法者，刺史先啟聽報，以下先理後表。」齊代行臺兼總民事，自術始也。其官置令、僕射，其尚書丞郎皆隨時權制。江左無行臺，唯梁末以侯景為河南王大行臺，承制如鄧禹故事。隋謂之行臺省，有尚書令、僕射左右任置各一人，主事四人。有考功、兼吏部、主爵、司勳。禮部、兼祠部、主客。膳部、兵部、兼職方。駕部、庫部、刑部、兼都官、司門。度支、兼倉部。金部、工部、屯田兼水部、虞部。侍郎各一人。每行臺置食貨、農圃、武器、百工監、副監，各置丞、食貨四人，農圃一人，武器二人，百工四人。錄事等員。食貨、農圃、百工各二人，武器一人。蓋隨其所管之道，置於外州，以行尚書事。大唐初，亦置行臺，貞觀以後廢。其後諸道各置採訪等使，每使有判官二人，兼判尚書六行事，亦行臺之遺制。 |
| The Xingtai Sheng existed during the Wei and Jin dynasties. In the past, at the end of the Wei dynasty, when Jin Wen Di campaigned against Zhuge Dan, Sanqi Changshi Pei Xiu, Shangshu Puye Chen Tai, Huangmen Shi Lang Zhong Hui and others followed with a mobile headquarters. By the fourth year of Yongjia in the Jin dynasty, Donghai Wang Yue led his troops to Xu Chang and took a mobile headquarters with him; this is an example. Yue requested to campaign against Shi Le, submitting a memorial requesting that the mobile headquarters accompany the army. By the Later Wei dynasty, it was called the Shangshu Daxingtai (Grand Mobile Headquarters of the Ministry of Works), and separate officials were assigned. In the Later Wei, Daowu Di established a mobile headquarters in Zhongshan and appointed Qin Wang Yi as Shangshu Ling to pacify it. In the third year of Yongxi under Emperor Xiaowu, Yuwen Tai was appointed as Daxingtai and Su Chao as Shangshu of Du Zhi under the mobile headquarters. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the mobile headquarters also oversaw civil affairs; this practice began with Xin Shu. In the eighth year of Wuding, Xin Shu was appointed as Dongnan Dao Xingtai. Dongzhou Zhou Cishi Guo Zhi killed the jùn shǒu (commander of a commandery). Wenxuan heard about it and admonished Shu, saying: "The regions along the Jianghuai have just submitted; the people find it difficult to appeal directly to the capital. I left you as Xingtai, also wishing for you to handle grievances of border civilians and supervise local officials." "From now on, for any legal violations in the more than ten states under your jurisdiction, the cishi should first submit a report and await instructions; for those of lower rank, you may handle them first and then submit a memorial afterward." The practice in the Qi dynasty of having xingtai also oversee civil affairs began with Shu. Its officials included a Ling (Minister), Puye (Minister of Works), and the positions of Shangshu, Cheng, and Lang were all established at will according to circumstances. The Jiangzuo region had no xingtai; only at the end of the Liang dynasty was Hou Jing appointed as Da Xingtai of Henan Wang, exercising authority in accordance with the precedent of Deng Yu. In the Sui dynasty it was called Xingtai Sheng, and included a Shangshu Ling (Minister of Works) and Puye (Minister of Public Works), with one each on the left and right as needed, and four Zhushig. There were departments for Kaogong, combined with the Ministry of Personnel, Ju Zuo, and Si Xun. Lǐbù, combined with Cibù, Zhuke. Shanbu, Bingbu, combined with Zhifang. Jiabu, Kubu, Xingbu, combined with Douguan, Simen. Du Zhi, combined with Cangbu. Jinbu, Gongbu, Tun Tian combined with Shuibù, Yubù. Each had one shilang. Each xingtai was assigned to oversee food and currency, agriculture and horticulture, weapons, the Hundred Crafts Supervision Office, and its deputy, each of which had a Cheng. Shihuo had four people, Nongpu one person, Wuqi two people, Baigong four people. And other staff such as Lushi. Shihuo, Nongpu, and Baigong each had two people; Wuqi had one person. These offices were established in the outer states according to the regions they administered, handling affairs of the Ministry of Works on site. In the early years of the Great Tang dynasty, xingtai were also established; after the Zhenguan period they were abolished. Later, each of the various dao established Cai Fang envoys and others; for every envoy there were two Pan Guan who jointly handled affairs of the six departments under the Ministry of Works. This was also a legacy system from xingtai. |
URN: ctp:tongdian/22