| Chinese Text Project |
《職官十二 - Officials and Positions 12》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
《東宮官敘 - Narrative of Officials in the Eastern Palace 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 東宮官敘: | 凡三王教世子，必以禮樂。樂所以修內，禮所以修外，禮樂交錯於中，發形於外，是故其成也懌，恭敬而溫文。中，心也。懌，悅也。立太傅少傅以養之，欲其知父子君臣之道也。言養者，積浸成長也。太傅審父子君臣之道以示之，少傅奉世子以觀太傅之德行而審諭之。太傅在前，少傅在後，謂其在學時也。入則有保，出則有師，謂燕居出入時也。漢班彪上書曰：「昔成王為孺子，出則周公、召公、史佚，入則太顛、閎夭、南宮适、散宜生，左右前後皆正禮。」是以教諭而德成也。師也者，教之以事而諭諸德者也。保也者，慎其身以輔翼之而歸諸道者也。慎其身者，謹安護之。秦漢以下，始加置詹事、中庶子及諸府寺等官，亦有以他官而監護者。漢孝宣帝欲令中郎將許舜監護太子家，疏廣以為示狹，非所以廣太子也。後漢順帝立太子居承光宮，以侍御史种暠監護。有中常侍卒乘衣車來載太子。太子太傅杜喬憂懼不能止，開門將出，而暠至，手劍當車曰：「太子國之儲副，人命所繫。常侍來，無尺一，何以得將太子去，何知不與內寵姦臣共挾邪謀。今日之事，有死而已。」乃遣喬詣臺啟白，得中決敕，乃聽之。自魏明帝以後，久曠東宮，制度闕廢，官司不具。吳孫權即位，孫登為太子，兼置四友等官。以諸葛恪為左輔，張休為右弼，顧譚為輔正都尉，陳表為翼正都尉，是為四友。於是東宮號為多士。晉初，詹事、左右率、庶子、中舍人諸官並未置。唯置衛率令典兵，二傅并攝眾事。至咸寧元年，始置詹事，以領宮事。宋孝武置東宮率更令等官，其中庶子、庶子、中舍人、舍人、洗馬各減舊員之半。後周加置太子諫議員四人。至隋罷詹事，分東宮置門下坊、典書坊，北齊已有典書坊。以分統諸局。比門下、內史二省。門下坊有左庶子二人，內舍人四人，錄事二人，統司經、宮門、內直、典膳、藥藏、齋帥等六局。典書坊有右庶子二人，舍人、通事舍人各八人，領內坊。大唐置詹事府以統眾務，置左右二春坊以領諸局。龍朔二年，改門下坊為左春坊，典書坊為右春坊。咸亨初復舊。景雲元年又改為之。左春坊置左庶子二人，中允二人，司議郎四人，錄事二人，左諭德一人，左贊善大夫五人，崇文館校書二人，亦統六局。六局之中，唯改齋帥為典設，餘局名與隋同。其六局長官，唯司經置洗馬，宮門置大夫，餘各置監，以局名冠之，所職如其名。龍朔中，改宮門大夫及諸監並為郎，遂為永制也。右春坊置右庶子二人，中舍人二人，舍人四人，錄事二人，右諭德一人，右贊善大夫五人，通事舍人八人，兼領內坊。內坊置典內二人，掌閤內諸事。諸坊局小吏各有差。因隋制也。 |
| The three kings taught their crown princes always through rites and music. Music is used to cultivate the inner self, while rites are used to regulate outward conduct. When rites and music intermingle within, they manifest externally; thus, their completion brings joy, reverence, and graceful demeanor. Zhong, the heart. Yi, joy. They appointed Grand Tutors and Junior Tutors to nurture them, wishing for the crown princes to understand the principles of father-son and ruler-minister relationships. The term "yang" refers to gradual growth through accumulation and immersion. The Grand Tutor examines the principles of father-son, ruler-minister relationships to demonstrate them, while the Junior Tutor attends to the crown prince to observe the Grand Tutor's virtue and conduct, then carefully instructs him accordingly. The Grand Tutor walks ahead, while the Junior Tutor follows behind; this refers to when they are in school. When indoors there is a guardian, and when outdoors there is a teacher; this means during times of leisure or going out and coming in. The Han dynasty Ban Biao submitted a memorial stating: "In the past, when King Cheng was still an infant, when he went out there were Zhougong, Shaogong, and Shi Yi; when he came in, there were Taodian, Hongyao, Nangong She, and Sanyi Sheng. On all sides before and behind him were men of proper rites." Therefore, through instruction and admonition, virtue was cultivated and perfected. A teacher is one who instructs in matters of conduct and explains the principles of virtue. A guardian is one who carefully conducts himself to assist and support, guiding all actions toward the Way. "Shen qi shen" means to be cautious in his own conduct, to guard carefully. Beginning from the Qin and Han dynasties onward, positions such as Zhanshi, Zhongshuzi, and various other officials in government offices were added; there were also instances where other officials were assigned to supervise and protect. Emperor Xuan of the Han dynasty wanted Zhonglangjiang Xu Shun to supervise and protect the Crown Prince's household, but Su Guang considered this too narrow-minded, arguing that it was not a proper way to broaden the Crown Prince. In the Later Han dynasty, Emperor Shun established the crown prince in Chengguang Palace and appointed Shiyushi Zhong Hao to supervise and protect him. A carriage drawn by a mid-level eunuch attendant suddenly arrived to take the crown prince away. The Crown Prince's Grand Tutor Du Qiao was worried and afraid but could not stop it. He opened the gate to go out, when Zhong Hao arrived, brandishing a sword in front of the carriage and said: "The crown prince is the heir to the state; people's lives depend on him. This eunuch official has come without a single written order; how can he take the crown prince away? How do we know this is not in collusion with an influential concubine or corrupt minister to plot some treachery?" "The matter today will end only with death." He then sent Qiao to the court to report and obtain a formal imperial decree, and only after that was it allowed. Since Emperor Ming of Wei, the eastern palace (for the crown prince) had long been vacant; its system and regulations were neglected and incomplete. When Sun Quan of Wu ascended the throne, Sun Deng was named crown prince, and positions such as Four Friends were concurrently established. Zhuge Ke was appointed as Zuo Fu, Zhang You as You Bi, Gu Tan as Fuzheng Duyi, and Chen Biao as Yizheng Duyi; these four were known collectively as the Four Friends. Thus, the eastern palace was renowned for having many learned men." At the beginning of the Jin dynasty, positions such as Zhanshi (Attendant), Zuo Youshuai (Left and Right Commanders), Shuzi (Junior Attendants), Zhongshe Ren (Middle Attendants) were not yet established. Only the Weilv Ling was appointed to command troops, while the two tutors jointly oversaw various affairs. It was not until Xinning 1st year that Zhanshi was first established to oversee palace affairs. Emperor Xiaowu of Song established officials such as the Eastern Palace Lügeng Ling, and reduced by half the number of posts for Zhongshuzi (Middle Attendant), Shuzi (Attendants), Zhongshe Ren, She Ren, and Xima. Later Zhou added four positions of Crown Prince Jianyi Yuan (Counselors). By the Sui dynasty, Zhanshi was abolished and replaced by Menxia Fang (Gate-Under Pavilion) and Dianshu Fang (Script Regulation Pavilion) within the eastern palace; the Northern Qi already had a Dianshu Fang. to separately oversee various offices. Comparable to the Menxia and Neishi (Inner History) departments. Menxia Fang had two Zuo Shuzi, four Neishe Ren, two Lushi, and oversaw six offices: Sijing (Script), Gongmen (Palace Gate), Neizhi (Inner Duty), Dianshan (Dietary), Yaocang (Medicine Storage), and Zhaishuai. Dianshu Fang had two You Shuzi, eight She Ren and eight Tongshi She Ren, who oversaw the Neifang (Inner Pavilion). The Great Tang established a Zhanshi Fu to oversee all affairs and set up two Left and Right Chufang (Spring Pavilions) to manage various offices. In Longshuo 2nd year, Menxia Fang was renamed Zuichunfang (Left Spring Pavilion), and Dianshu Fang was renamed Youchunfang (Right Spring Pavilion). At the beginning of Xianheng, the old names were restored. In Jingyun 1st year, they were changed back to these new names again." Zuichunfang had two Zuo Shuzi (Left Attendants), two Zhongyun, four Sili Lang, two Lushi, one Zu Yu De (Left Moral Instructor), five Zu Zanshan Dafu (Left Virtuous Counselors), and two Xiaoshu from Chongwen Guan (Chongwen Pavilion). It also oversaw six offices. Among the six offices, only Zhaishuai was renamed Dianshe; the names of the other offices were the same as in the Sui dynasty. The chief officials of these six offices were as follows: Sijing (Script Office) had Xima, Gongmen (Palace Gate Office) had Dafu, and the rest each had a Jian. The official titles combined the office name with their rank, and their duties corresponded to their names. During Longshuo period, Gongmen Dafu and various Jian were all changed to Lang (Officer), which became a permanent system thereafter." Youchunfang had two You Shuzi (Right Attendants), two Zhongshe Ren, four She Ren, two Lushi, one You Yu De (Right Moral Instructor), five You Zanshan Dafu, eight Tongshi She Ren; it also concurrently oversaw the Neifang. Neifang had two Diannei (Inner Officials), who were in charge of various matters within the palace. The minor officials in these pavilions and offices each had their own distinctions." This was based on the Sui dynasty system. |
《太子六傅 - Six Fu of the Taizi 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子六傅: | 三太 三少 |
| San Tai San Shao | ||
| 2 | 太子六傅: | 太子師、保、二傅，殷周已有。二傅為太傅、少傅。詩小弁篇，太子之傅作焉，以刺幽王。弁音步干反。逮乎列國，秦亦有之。孝公時，商鞅設法黥太子師傅是也。漢高帝以叔孫通為太子太傅，位次太常後，亦有少傅。初，叔孫通為太子太傅。高帝欲立趙王，廢太子，通諫曰：「昔晉獻公以驪姬故廢太子，晉國亂者數十年。秦不早定扶蘇，終使滅祀。今太子仁孝，陛下必廢嫡立庶，臣願先伏誅，以頸血汙地。」上曰：「公罷，吾戲耳。」通曰：「太子天下本，本一搖，天下振動，奈何以天下戲乎！」又高帝東征，留太子監關中兵，謂張良曰：「子房雖病，強臥而傅太子。」時叔孫通為太傅，留侯行少傅事。後太子幾廢，良立策，召四皓以免。又竇嬰為太傅，景帝欲廢太子，嬰數爭不得，因謝病屏居，田南山下。又疏廣字仲翁，為太傅，兄子受為少傅，父子並為師傅，朝廷以為榮。後皆請免，歸鄉里，公卿祖餞東都門外。百姓觀者歎曰：「賢哉二大夫。」初太子外祖許伯，以太子少，請使其弟舜監護太子家。廣曰：「太子國儲副君，師友必天下英俊，不宜獨親外家。今官屬已備，若親暱外家，非所以廣太子德於天下也。」上善之。又夏侯勝字長公，為太傅，卒官，太后以嘗受尚書於勝，素服五日，以報師傅之恩，儒者以為榮。又萬石君石奮、韋玄成、丙吉並為太傅。又匡衡、王丹並為少傅。後漢太傅禮如師，不領官屬，而少傅主太子官屬。光武大會百官曰：「誰可傅太子者？」群臣承意，皆言太子舅執金吾陰識可。博士張佚曰：「今陛下立太子，為陰氏乎？為天下乎？即為陰氏，則陰侯可。為天下，則宜用天下賢才。」上曰：「欲署者，以輔太子也。今博士不難正朕，況太子乎！」即拜佚為太傅，桓榮為少傅。又明帝以鄧禹先帝名臣，拜太子太傅。漢魏故事，太子於二傅執弟子禮，皆為書不曰令。少傅稱臣，而太傅不臣。吳薛綜，綜子瑩、瑩子兼，三代並為太子少傅。晉泰始三年，武帝始建置東宮，各置一人。尚未置詹事，宮事無大小，皆由二傅。少傅立草，太傅書真，以為儲訓。並有功曹、主簿、五官。秩與後漢同。皇太子先拜，諸傅然後答之，如弟子事師之禮。二傅不得上疏曲敬。武帝後以儲副體尊，遂命諸公居之。以本位重，故或行或領。時侍中任愷，武帝所親敬，復使領之，蓋一時之制也。咸寧元年，以給事黃門侍郎楊珧為詹事，掌宮事，二傅不復領官屬。及楊珧為衛將軍，領少傅，復省詹事，遂崇廣傅訓，命太尉賈充領太保，司空齊王攸領太傅，所置吏屬復如舊。二傅皆進賢兩梁冠，黑介幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉。晉令曰：「太子太保銀印青綬。」其後，太尉汝南王亮、車騎將軍楊駿、司空衛瓘、石鑒皆領傅、保，猶不置詹事，以終武帝之代。惠帝元康元年，復置詹事。二傅給菜田六頃，田騶五十人，夏後不及田者，食俸一年。給赤耳安車一乘。及愍懷建宮，乃置六傅，三太三少。晉書曰：「東宮舊制，月請錢五十萬，以備眾用。愍懷太子恆探取三月以供嬖寵。」以景帝諱師，故改太師為太帥，通省尚書事詹事，文書關由六傅。職官要錄曰：「晉太子六傅，各有丞一人。」自元康之後，諸傅或二或三，或四或六。渡江之後，有太傅少傅，不立師保。晉王導為太傅。時孝懷太子為胡所害，始奉諱，有司奏天子三朝舉哀，群臣一哭而已。導以皇太子普天有情，群下宜同三朝之制。元帝從之。又齊王攸領太傅，作太傅箴，獻於太子。傅玄亦有少傅箴。又任愷、山濤、張華並為少傅。又云衛瓘領少傅，加千兵百騎，鼓吹之府。山公啟事曰：「太子保傅，不可不高盡天下之選。羊祜秉德尚義，可出入周旋，令太子每睹儀形。方任雖重，比此為輕。又可朝會，與聞國議。」宋有太傅、少傅，各兼丞一人。其保傅並銀章青綬。齊與宋同。武帝時以王儉為少傅。舊太子敬二傅同，至是，朝議接少傅以賓友之禮。梁太傅位視尚書令，少傅視左僕射。職官要錄曰：「三少舊視左僕射，冠服同三太也。」陳因之。自宋以下，唯有傅而無師、保。後魏有太師、太傅、太保，謂之東宮三師；少師、少傅、少保，謂之東宮三少。孝明在東宮，宣武皇帝欲以崔光為太子師傅，光固辭。帝令太子南面再拜，宮臣皆從太子拜。光北面立，不敢答拜，唯西面拜謝而出，乃授光太子少傅。北齊皆有之，出則三師在前，三少在後。後周不置。隋與北齊同。大唐六傅不必備，唯其人。太子出則乘輅備儀，以為後從。貞觀中，太宗撰太子接三師之儀，出殿門迎，太子先拜，三師答拜，每門讓。三師坐，太子乃坐。與三師書，前名惶恐，後名惶恐再拜。先天元年十二月，詔東宮三師三少，宜開府置令丞各一人，隸詹事府。尋罷。 |
| The positions of the Taizi Shi (royal preceptor), Bao (royal guardian), and Er Fu (two tutors) had already existed during the Yin and Zhou dynasties. The two Fu were Tai Fu and Shao Fu. The "Xiaobian" chapter of the Shi Jing (Book of Songs) was composed by the Taizi's tutor, as a satire against King You. Bian is pronounced Buhanfan. By the time of the Warring States, the state of Qin also had such positions. During the reign of King Xiao Gong, Shang Yang established laws that resulted in the branding of the Taizi's Shi and Fu; this is an example. Emperor Gaozu of Han appointed Shu Sun Tong as Taizi Tai Fu, whose rank came after that of the Tai Chang; there was also a position for Shao Fu. Initially, Shu Sun Tong served as Taizi Tai Fu. Emperor Gaozu wanted to establish the Prince of Zhao as heir and depose the current Taizi. Tong advised, "In the past, King Xian Gong of Jin deposed his Taizi because of Li Ji, which led to decades of chaos in the state of Jin. The Qin did not establish Fu Su as heir early enough, and this ultimately led to the extinction of their ancestral rites. "The current Taizi is kind and filial; if Your Majesty must depose the legitimate heir in favor of a concubine's son, I beg to be executed first, so that my blood may stain the ground." The emperor said, "You may go now; it was only a joke." Tong replied, "The Taizi is the root of the empire. Once the root is shaken, the whole realm will be in turmoil. How can one treat the affairs of the empire as a joke!" Moreover, when Emperor Gaozu went on an eastern campaign and left the Taizi in charge of the troops in Guanzhong, he said to Zhang Liang, "Although you are ill, please make a great effort to remain lying down and serve as the Taizi's Fu." At that time, Shu Sun Tong was Tai Fu, while Liu Hou carried out the duties of Shao Fu. Later, when the Taizi was nearly deposed, Liang devised a strategy and summoned the Four Sages to prevent this from happening. Dong Ying also served as Tai Fu; when Emperor Jing wanted to depose the Taizi, Ying repeatedly argued but failed. As a result, he resigned on grounds of illness and withdrew to live in seclusion, cultivating fields at the foot of Nanshan Mountain. Shu Guang, courtesy name Zhongweng, served as Tai Fu; his nephew Shou was Shao Fu. Father and son both held the positions of Shi and Fu, which the court regarded as an honor. Later, they both requested to be relieved of their posts and returned to their hometowns; officials at the level of Gong Qing saw them off with ancestral rites outside the eastern gate of the capital. The common people watching remarked, "How virtuous these two gentlemen are!" Initially, the Taizi's maternal grandfather Xu Bo, because the Taizi was young, requested that his younger brother Shun oversee and protect the Taizi's household. Guang said, "The Taizi is the designated heir to the throne; his teachers and friends must be outstanding men from throughout the realm. It would not be appropriate for him to rely solely on relatives from his mother's family." "Now, the Taizi already has a complete staff of officials. If he becomes overly familiar with relatives from his mother's side, it will not be conducive to cultivating virtue in the Taizi for the benefit of the realm." The emperor approved this view. Xiahou Sheng, courtesy name Changgong, served as Tai Fu and died in office. The empress dowager, who had once studied the Book of Documents under Sheng, wore plain mourning clothes for five days to repay the kindness of her teacher; Confucian scholars regarded this as an honor. Wan Shi Jun Shi Fen, Wei Xuancheng, and Bing Ji all served as Tai Fu. Kuang Heng and Wang Dan both served as Shao Fu. In the Later Han, Tai Fu was treated with the respect due to a teacher and did not head any official staff; instead, Shao Fu oversaw the Taizi's officials. Emperor Guangwu convened all government officials and asked, "Who is suitable to serve as a tutor for the Taizi?" The ministers, sensing his intent, all said that Yin Shi, the Taizi's maternal uncle and commander of the Jinwu forces, was suitable. Zhang Yi, a Doctor of Literature, asked, "Now that Your Majesty has established a Taizi, is it for the Yin family?" Or for the realm? If it is indeed for the Yin family, then Marquis Yin would be suitable. "But if it is for the realm, then one should employ the virtuous and talented men of the entire realm." The emperor said, "Those who are appointed to serve as tutors are meant to assist the Taizi. Now even a Doctor of Literature dares not correct me directly; how much less so for the Taizi!" He immediately appointed Yi as Tai Fu and Huan Rong as Shao Fu. Emperor Ming also appointed Deng Yu, a distinguished minister of the previous emperor, as Taizi Tai Fu. According to Han and Wei dynasty precedents, the Taizi observed the etiquette of a disciple toward the two Fu; they all wrote letters rather than issuing orders. The Shao Fu addressed himself as a subject, but the Tai Fu did not do so. Wu Xue Zong, Zong's son Ying, and Ying's son Jian all served as Taizi Shao Fu across three generations. In the third year of the Taishi era (267 AD) during the Jin dynasty, Emperor Wu first established the Donggong (east palace), and one person was appointed for each position. At that time, the office of Zhanshi had not yet been established; all matters in the palace, regardless of their size, were handled by the two Fu. The Shao Fu wrote in draft form, while the Tai Fu wrote in formal script; this was considered instruction for the heir apparent. They also had subordinate officials such as Gong Cao (attendant officer), Zhu Bu (chief clerk), and Wu Guan (five officers). Their ranks were the same as in the Later Han dynasty. The crown prince would bow first, and then the various Fu would respond accordingly, following the etiquette of a disciple serving his teacher. The two Fu were not allowed to submit memorials in a manner that showed excessive reverence or flattery. After Emperor Wu, as the heir apparent's status became more exalted, it was decreed that high-ranking officials should hold these positions. Because the position itself carried great importance, sometimes individuals would serve concurrently or assume the role temporarily. At that time, Shen Kai, a Shizhong (attendant-in-attendance) who was personally trusted and respected by Emperor Wu, was also ordered to hold the position; this arrangement was an ad hoc measure of the time. In the first year of the Xinning era (275 AD), Ge Shi Huangmen Shilang Yang Yao was appointed as Zhanshi, in charge of palace affairs; from then on, the two Fu no longer oversaw any official staff. When Yang Yao became Wei Jiangjun (military general) and concurrently served as Shao Fu, the Zhanshi office was once again abolished. The court then elevated and expanded the role of the Fu in instructing the heir apparent, appointing Tai 尉 Jia Chong to hold the title of Taibao and Sikong Qi Wang You as Tai Fu; the officials and staff assigned were restored to their former state. Both Fu wore the Jinxian Liangliang Guan (a two-ribboned scholar's cap), Heijie Zhe (black lacquered headpiece), Wushi Chao Fu (five-colored formal court attire for morning audiences), and pendants of Qing Cangyu jade. The Jin dynasty regulations stated: "The Taizi Taibao is granted a silver seal with a blue sash." After that, Tai Wei Runan Wang Liang, Cheqi Jiangjun Yang Jun, Sikong Wei Guan, and Shi Jian all concurrently held the positions of Fu or Bao. The Zhanshi office remained unestablished throughout Emperor Wu's reign. In the first year of Yuankang era (291 AD) during the reign of Emperor Hui, the Zhanshi position was reestablished. The two Fu were granted six qing of vegetable fields and fifty Tianzou (field attendants). If the summer harvest was insufficient to cover their needs, they would receive a year's salary instead. They were also provided with one red-eared anche (a type of ceremonial carriage). When the palace for Minhuai was established, six Fu positions were set up: three Tai and three Shao. The Book of Jin states: "According to the old regulations for the Donggong, fifty wanshu of money were requested monthly to cover various expenses. Prince Minhuai Taizi Heng secretly took three months' worth for his favorites and concubines." Because Emperor Jing's name was Shi, the title Tai Shi (Grand Master) was changed to Tai Shuai. The Zhanshi in charge of reviewing and submitting documents to the Shangshu Office handled official correspondence through the six Fu. The Zhi Guan Yao Lu states: "In the Jin dynasty, each of the six Taizi Fu had one Cheng (deputy)." After Yuankang, the number of Fu varied—sometimes two or three, sometimes four or six. After crossing the river (i.e., after the Jin dynasty moved south), there were Tai Fu and Shao Fu positions, but no Shi or Bao posts. Jin Wang Dao served as Tai Fu. At that time, Taizi Xiao Huai was killed by the Hu people; mourning rites were initiated. The officials reported to the emperor that three days of mourning should be observed for a ruler, while all ministers would weep only once. Dao argued that since the Taizi was beloved by people throughout the realm, those under him should follow the three-day mourning system for a ruler. Emperor Yuan followed this suggestion. Qi Wang You also concurrently held the position of Tai Fu and composed a "Tai Fu Zhen" (Admonition for the Tai Fu), which he presented to the Taizi. Fu Xuan also wrote a "Shao Fu Zhen." Also, Shen Kai, Shan Tao, and Zhang Hua all served as Shao Fu. It is also recorded that Wei Guan concurrently held the position of Shao Fu, and was granted a thousand soldiers and one hundred cavalrymen, as well as access to the drum and music corps. The Shan Gong Qishi states: "The Bao and Fu of the Taizi must be selected from among the most outstanding men in the realm. Yang Hu upholds virtue and righteousness; he is suitable to enter and exit the palace, accompanying the Taizi on his rounds, so that the heir may constantly observe exemplary conduct. Other appointments are important, but this one is even more significant. He may also attend court assemblies and participate in discussions on state affairs." The Song dynasty had Tai Fu and Shao Fu, each with one concurrently serving Cheng (deputy). Their Bao and Fu positions were all granted silver seals with blue sashes. The Qi dynasty was the same as the Song. During Emperor Wu's reign, Wang Jian served as Shao Fu. Previously, the Taizi showed equal respect to both Fu; from this time onward, however, court discussions proposed that the Shao Fu should be treated with the courtesy of a guest or friend. In the Liang dynasty, the Tai Fu held a rank equivalent to that of Shangshu Ling (Minister of the Secretariat), while the Shao Fu was ranked equal to Zu Puye (Left Minister of Works). The Zhi Guan Yao lu states: "Previously, the three Shao were ranked equal to Zu Puye; their caps and robes were the same as those of the three Tai." The Chen dynasty followed this practice. From the Song dynasty onward, there were only Fu positions and no Shi or Bao roles. The Later Wei had Tai Shi, Tai Fu, and Tai Bao; these were known as the three Shi of the Donggong. Shao Shi, Shao Fu, and Shao Bao were called the three Shao of the Donggong. When Emperor Xiaoming was in the Donggong, Emperor Xuanwu wanted to appoint Cui Guang as Taizi Shi or Fu; Guang firmly declined. The emperor ordered the Taizi to bow twice while facing south, and all palace officials followed the Taizi in kneeling and bowing. Guang stood facing north and dared not respond to the bows; instead, he bowed toward the west in gratitude before exiting. He was then appointed as Taizi Shao Fu. The Northern Qi dynasty also had these positions; when they went out, the three Shi walked in front and the three Shao followed behind. The Later Zhou did not establish such posts. The Sui dynasty was the same as the Northern Qi. In the Great Tang, all six Fu positions did not need to be filled at once; it depended on who was appointed. When the Taizi went out, he rode in a ceremonial carriage with full ritual attendants following behind as an escort. During the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong composed a ritual for how the Taizi should receive the three Shi. The Taizi would go out to meet them at the palace gate and bow first; the three Shi would then respond with bows, and they exchanged courtesies at each gate. The three Shi sat down only after the Taizi had taken his seat. When writing letters to the three Shi, one should write "hongkong" before the name and "hongkong zaibai" after the name. In the first month of Tianyuan year (712 AD), an edict was issued stating that for the Taizi's three Shi and three Shao, offices should be established with one ling and one cheng each, subordinate to the Zhanshi Fu. It was soon abolished. |
《太子賓客 - Guest of the Crown Prince 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子賓客: | 漢高帝時，有四人年老，以上慢侮，逃匿山中，義不為漢臣，謂之四皓。東園公、綺里季、夏黃公、角里先生。高帝不能致。及將廢太子，太子迎四人至，侍從太子，鬚眉皓白，衣冠甚偉。高帝既見，曰：「煩公幸卒護太子。」太子由是不廢。至孝武帝，又為太子立博望苑，使通賓客。晉元康元年，愍懷太子始之東宮，惠帝詔曰：「遹幼蒙，今出止東宮，雖賴師傅群賢之訓，其遊處左右，宜得正人，能相長益者。太保衛瓘息庭，司空隴西王泰息略，太子太傅楊濟息毖，太子少師裴楷息憲，太子少傅華廙息恆，各道義之門，有不肅之訓。其令五人更往來與太子習數，備賓友也。」其時雖非官，而謂之東宮賓客，皆選文義之士，以侍儲皇。其後無聞。大唐顯慶元年正月，以左僕射兼太子少師于志寧兼太子太傅，侍中韓瑗、中書令來濟、禮部尚書許敬宗，並為皇太子賓客，遂為官員，定置四人。掌調護侍從規諫。凡太子有賓客之事，則為上齒，蓋取象於四皓焉。資位閑重，其流不雜。天寶中，賀知章自太子賓客度為道士，還鄉，捨宅為觀。玄宗賦詩贈別，時議榮之。 |
| During the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Han, there were four men who were old in age. Because they considered the emperor disrespectful and contemptuous, they fled into the mountains to hide themselves, maintaining their sense of righteousness by refusing to serve as subjects of the Han dynasty; these four were called Sihao. Dongyuan Gong, Qili Ji, Xiahuang Gong, and Jueli Xiansheng. Emperor Gaozu was unable to bring them out of hiding. When Emperor Gaozu was about to depose the crown prince, the crown prince invited the four men to come. They served as attendants of the crown prince; their beards and eyebrows were white with age, and they wore robes and hats that appeared very dignified. After Emperor Gaozu saw them, he said: "I trouble you gentlemen to kindly continue protecting the crown prince." Because of this, the crown prince was not deposed. During Emperor Xiaowu's reign, another Boyang Yuan (Prosperous Outlook Garden) was established for the crown prince to allow him to entertain guests. In the first year of Yuankang in the Jin dynasty, Crown Prince Minhuai was first assigned to the Eastern Palace. Emperor Huidi issued an edict stating: "Yu is young and inexperienced; now that he has moved to reside in the Eastern Palace, although his growth depends on the instruction of his teachers and virtuous ministers, those who accompany him in his daily life should be upright individuals capable of helping him grow and benefit." Tai Bao Wei Guan's son Ting, Sikong Longxi Wang Tai's son Lüe, Taizi Taifu Yang Ji's son Bi, Taizi Shaoshi Pei Kai's son Xian, Taizi Shaofu Hua Yi's son Heng—each came from families known for their moral integrity and had received proper education. Therefore, I order these five men to take turns visiting the crown prince frequently so that they may serve as his guests and friends." At that time, although these individuals were not official appointees, they were called the Eastern Palace guests; all of them were selected scholars well-versed in literature and moral principles to serve the crown prince. Afterward, there was no further record of this practice. In the first month of the first year of Xianqing in the Tang dynasty, Yu Zhining, who was then Zuo Puye and concurrently Taizi Shaoshi, was also appointed as Taizi Taifu. Shizhong Han Yuan, Zhongshu Ling Lai Ji, and Libu Shangshu Xu Jingzong were all appointed as guests of the crown prince; thus they became official positions, with a fixed establishment of four individuals. Their duty was to advise and guide the crown prince in his conduct while serving as attendants. Whenever the crown prince had matters concerning guests, these officials were given the highest precedence; this was modeled after the example of Sihao. The position carried a dignified and important status, and its holders came from reputable lineages without any mixing with inferior backgrounds. In the middle of Tianbao, He Zhizhang, who had served as a guest of the crown prince, was granted permission to become a Daoist priest and return to his hometown, where he donated his residence to be converted into a temple. Emperor Xuanzong composed a poem as a farewell gift; at the time, public opinion regarded this as an honor. |
《太子詹事 - Taizi Zhanshi 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子詹事: | 丞 主簿 司直 |
| Cheng Zhubu Sizhi | ||
| 2 | 太子詹事: | 詹事，秦官，應劭曰：「詹，省也，給也。」漢因之，掌皇后、太子家。皇后、太子，各置詹事，隨其所在以名官。漢官曰：「詹事，位在長秋上，亦宦者，主中諸官。」後漢志曰：「初，成帝鴻嘉三年，省詹事職，并大長秋。是後，皇后當法駕出，則中謁中宦者職吏權兼詹事，奉引訖罷。宦者誅後，尚書選兼職吏一人奉引，此皆皇后詹事也。」漢時，太子門大夫、庶子、洗馬、舍人，皆屬二傅。其太子家令丞、率更令丞、僕、中盾衛率等官，並屬詹事。竇嬰字王孫，景帝時為詹事。帝弟梁孝王，母竇太后愛之。酒酣，上曰：「千秋萬歲後，傳梁王。」太后歡。嬰引酒卮進上曰：「天下者，高帝天下，父子相傳，漢之約也。上何以得傳梁王。」太后由是憎嬰。後漢省詹事，而太子官悉屬少傅。魏復置詹事，領東宮眾務。晉不置，至咸寧元年，復置以掌宮事。事具六傅篇。及永康中，復不置。自太安以來，又置，終孝懷之代。其職擬尚書令，掌三令、四率、中庶子、庶子、洗馬、舍人等官。銀印青綬，介幘，進賢兩梁冠，絳朝服，佩水蒼玉。晉卞壼為詹事，時稱卞壼裁斷切直，忠於事上。宋與晉同。齊置府，領官屬。齊沈文季為太子詹事。梁、陳任總宮朝。後魏有太子左右詹事。北齊東宮眾事，無大小皆統之，領三寺左右衛二坊。後周置太子宮正、宮尹。隋開皇初，置詹事，二年罷之。大唐復置詹事府，詹事一人，掌內外眾務，糾彈非違，總判府事。置少詹事一人以貳之。龍朔二年，改詹事為端尹，詹事府為端尹府。少詹事為少尹，咸亨初復舊。垂拱元年，又改詹事為宮尹，少詹事為少尹，神龍初復舊。 |
| Zhanshi was an official post established during the Qin dynasty. Ying Shao said: "Zhan means to reduce and to provide." The Han dynasty followed this system, and the Zhanshi was in charge of the household of the empress and the crown prince. An individual Zhanshi was appointed for the empress and for the crown prince, respectively; their official titles were named according to where they served. The Han dynasty's official records stated: "Zhanshi ranks above the Zhangqiu, is also an eunuch, and oversees various officials within the palace." The Houhanshu zhi (Annals of the Later Han) states: "Initially, in the third year of Emperor Chengdi's Hongjia era, the Zhanshi post was abolished and its duties were merged into that of Dachangqiu." Thereafter, when the empress was to make an official procession, a mid-ranking eunuch or clerk would temporarily assume the duties of Zhanshi, leading the procession until its completion. "After eunuchs were purged, one official selected by the Shangshu would temporarily assume this duty to lead the procession; all of these officials served as Zhanshi for the empress." During the Han dynasty, the Taizi Mendaifu (Door Attendant of the Crown Prince), Shu zi (Common Son), Xima, and She ren were all subordinate to the two tutors. The Taizi Jialing Cheng (Deputy Director of the Household), Shugeng Ling Cheng (Director and Deputy Director of the Time Office), Pu (Stable Master), Zhongdun Weilv, and other officials were all under the jurisdiction of the Zhanshi. Dou Ying zi Wangsun served as Zhanshi during Emperor Jingdi's reign. Emperor Di's younger brother, Liang Xiaowang, was loved by his mother, the Empress Dowager Dou. After drinking heavily, the emperor said: "After a thousand autumns and ten thousand years, the throne will be passed to Prince Liang." The empress dowager was delighted. lords Ying raised a wine cup and presented it to the emperor, saying: "The empire belongs to Emperor Gaozu; it is passed from father to son according to Han's covenant. "Why would Your Majesty be able to pass it on to Prince Liang?" From then on, the empress dowager came to dislike Ying." The Later Han dynasty abolished the Zhanshi position, and all officials of the crown prince were placed under the Shaofu. The Wei dynasty reinstated the Zhanshi office, which was responsible for overseeing all affairs of the eastern palace (the residence of the crown prince). The Jin dynasty did not establish this position; however, in the first year of Xinning, it was reinstated to oversee palace affairs. Details are provided in the chapter on the Six Tutors. And during the Yongkang period, it was once again abolished. Since Taian, it was reestablished and remained in place throughout the reigns of Emperor Xiaowu and Emperor Huaiwu. The Zhanshi's rank was equivalent to that of the Shangshuling, and he oversaw officials such as the three Lings, four Lü, Zhongshuzi, Shu zi, Xima, She ren, among others. The Zhanshi was granted a silver seal and a blue sash, wore the jie zhe headdress, the Jinxian Erliang Guan (a two-ridge scholar's cap), a crimson court robe, and was allowed to wear Qingyu jade pendants. In the Jin dynasty, Bian Ku served as Zhanshi; at that time, he was praised for his decisive and upright judgment and loyalty to his superiors. The Song dynasty followed the same system as the Jin dynasty. The Qi dynasty established an office, which oversaw its officials and subordinates. In the Qi dynasty, Shen Wenji served as Taizi Zhanshi. The Liang and Chen dynasties appointed officials to oversee all palace affairs. The Later Wei dynasty had the posts of Left and Right Taizi Zhanshi for the crown prince. In the Northern Qi dynasty, all affairs in the eastern palace—regardless of their size—were under its jurisdiction, overseeing three temples and the Left and Right Weifang. The Later Zhou dynasty established posts for the Taizi Gongzheng (Palace Regulator) and Gongyin (Palace Administrator). In the early Kaihuang era of the Sui dynasty, the Zhanshi office was established; however, it was abolished in the second year. The Great Tang dynasty reinstated the Zhanshi Fu (Zhanshi Office), with one Zhanshi in charge, who was responsible for all internal and external affairs, correcting misconduct, and overseeing the administration of the office. One Shaozhanshi (Deputy Zhanshi) was appointed to assist him. In the second year of Longshuo, the title Zhanshi was changed to Duanyin; the Zhanshi Fu was renamed Duanyin Fu. The Shaozhanshi became Shaoyin, and in the early Xianheng era, the original titles were restored. In the first year of Chuidong, Zhanshi was again changed to Gongyin and Shaozhanshi to Shaoyin; in the early Shenlong era, the original titles were once more restored. | ||
| 3 | 太子詹事: | 丞：秦官，漢因之。後漢省。魏、晉隨詹事省置。至晉永康中，詹事特置丞一人，掌文書，關通六傅。過江多用員外郎，遷尚書郎。宋、齊因之。梁、陳制，一梁冠，皂朝服，銅印墨綬。後魏、北齊並有之。後魏楊昱字元略，為詹事丞。孝明為太子，尚在懷抱，其所出入，唯乳母而已，不令官僚聞知。昱諫曰：「太子動止，宜令翼從。陛下若召太子，必降手敕，令臣下咸知。」乃詔曰：「自此以後，非朕手敕，勿令兒出宮。宮臣在直，從至萬歲門。」隋初置一人。大唐置二人，掌文武官簿帳、朝集、假使。分判府事。 |
| Cheng: an official post established during the Qin Dynasty, continued by the Han dynasty. The Later Han abolished it. The Wei and Jin dynasties established or abolished the position according to whether Zhanshi was in place. During the Yongkang period of the Jin dynasty, a special Cheng (deputy) for Zhanshi was established, in charge of documents and communication with the Six Tutors. After crossing the river [to the south], many were appointed as Yuanwailang (extra officials) and later promoted to Shangshulang (Shangshu Bureau clerks). The Song and Qi dynasties followed this practice. In the Liang and Chen dynasties, the official wore a one-ridge cap, black court robes, and carried a copper seal with an ink sash. The Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties both had this position. In the Later Wei dynasty, Yang Yu zi Yuanlve served as Cheng of Zhanshi. Emperor Xiaoming was a crown prince at the time, still in his infancy; whenever he went out or returned, only his wet nurse knew about it, and no officials were allowed to be informed. Yu advised: "The movements of the crown prince should be accompanied by attendants." "If Your Majesty wishes to summon the crown prince, you must issue a handwritten decree so that all your subjects will know about it." The emperor then issued an edict: "From now on, unless there is a handwritten decree from me, do not allow the child to leave the palace. Palace officials on duty must accompany him as far as Wansui Gate." At the beginning of the Sui dynasty, one person was appointed to this position. The Great Tang dynasty established two such posts; they were in charge of records and accounts for civil and military officials, court assemblies, and leave or missions. They divided the administration of the office affairs. | ||
| 4 | 太子詹事: | 主簿：一人。晉始置，自後歷代皆有。大唐因之，掌付事、句稽、監印、紙筆。 |
| Zhubu: one person. The Jin dynasty first established this position, and subsequent dynasties all maintained it. The Great Tang followed suit; the Zhubu was in charge of assigning tasks, auditing accounts, supervising seals, and managing paper and writing materials. | ||
| 5 | 太子詹事: | 司直：二人。大唐龍朔三年置桂坊，比御史臺，置令一人，比大夫；司直二人，比侍御史。掌彈劾宮府寮。其後廢桂坊，以司直隸詹事府。 |
| Sizhi: two persons. In the third year of Longshuo in the Great Tang dynasty, Guifang was established, modeled after the Yushi Tai (Imperial Censorate), with one Ling (Director) appointed, equivalent to a Dafu (Grand Censor); two Sizhi were also established, equivalent in rank to Shiyushi (Attending Censors). They were responsible for investigating and reporting misconduct among officials of the palace and its offices. Later, Guifang was abolished, and Sizhi became subordinates of Zhanshi Fu. |
《太子庶子 - Tai Zi Shuzi 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子庶子: | 中允 司議郎 中舍人 舍人 通事舍人 諭德 贊善 崇文館學士 洗馬 文學校書 正字 典膳郎 藥藏郎 內直郎 典設郎 宮門郎 |
| Zhongyun, Siyilang, Zhongshe Ren, She Ren, Tongshi She Ren, Yude, Zanshan, Chongwen Guan Xueshi, Xima, Wenxue Xushu, Zhengzi, Dianshan Lang, Yaozang Lang, Neizhi Lang, Dianshe Lang, Gongmen Lang | ||
| 2 | 太子庶子: | 古者，天子有庶子之官，周官謂之諸子。職諸侯卿大夫之庶子，掌其戒令與其教理，有大事則帥國子而致於太子，唯所用之。秦因之，置中庶子、庶子員。宋志云：「後漢置中庶子。」按：齊人鄒陽上疏云「秦皇帝任中庶子蒙嘉之言」，則庶子之為秦官明矣。漢因之，有庶子，員五人。史丹、王商、歐陽地餘並為中庶子。王莽改曰中尚翼子。後漢員五人，職如侍中，而庶子無員，職如三署中郎。凡庶子主宮中并諸吏之適子及支庶版籍。魏因之。在吳為親近之官。吳張溫言於孫權曰：「中庶子官最親密，切問近對，宜用雋選。」由是以顧譚為之。晉中庶子、庶子各四員，職比侍中、散騎常侍及中書監令，皆以俊茂者為之，或以郡守參選。山公啟事曰：「中庶子缺，宜得俊茂者。以濟陰太守劉儼、城陽太守石崇參選。」晉書曰：「鄭默為中庶子，朝廷以為太子官屬，宜稱陪臣。默上言皇太子體皇極之尊，無私於天下，宮臣皆受命天朝，不得同之藩國。事遂施行。」又溫嶠為中庶子，獻侍臣箴，甚見補益。又王珣啟以桓謙為中庶子曰：「東宮之選中庶子，總管門下，尤不可不得其才。」若釋奠，中庶子扶左，庶子扶右。宋與晉同。武冠，平巾幘，絳朝服。元嘉初，詔二率、中庶子隨太子入直上宮。十四年，又詔還直東宮。至齊，其庶子用人卑雜。梁天監七年詔革選。其年，以太子中舍人、司徒從事中郎為之。凡中庶子四人，以功高者一人為祭酒，行則負璽，前後部護駕，與功高中舍人一人共掌其坊之禁令。庶子四人，掌侍從左右，獻納得失，功高者一人與功高舍人一人共掌其坊之禁令。冠服並同前代。陳因梁制。後魏亦有中庶子、庶子官。北齊門下坊，中庶子四人領之；典書坊，庶子四人領之。隋分為左右庶子各二人，分統門下、典書二坊事。劉行本為左庶子，卒後而太子勇廢。文帝曰：「若使劉行本在，勇當不及於此。」大唐亦各二人，分掌左右春坊事。龍朔二年，改左右庶子為左右中護。咸亨初復舊。左擬侍中而右擬中書令。貞觀中，詔曰：「太子與百官書疏，未有制式。近代以來，例皆名目，無以別貴賤。今凡處分論事之書，皇太子並宜稱令，右庶子以下署名，宣奉行書。其餘與諸親及師傅等書，不在此限。」于志寧為太子左庶子，撰諫苑二十卷，以進於太子。太子名承乾。中允、司議郎，司經、洗馬、文學、校書、正字，典膳、藥藏、內直、典設、宮門等局郎丞，崇文館，並屬左春坊。中舍人、舍人、通事舍人，並屬右春坊。其諭德、贊善亦左右分隸焉。 |
| In ancient times, the Son of Heaven had officials in charge of his concubine-born sons; the Zhou dynasty official system referred to them as Zhuzi. Their duty was to oversee the concubine-born sons of marquises, ministers, and high-ranking officials, responsible for their admonitions, commands, as well as their education and moral instruction. In case of major events, they would lead the sons of the nobility and present them before the crown prince, who could use them as he saw fit. The Qin dynasty followed this tradition by establishing posts for Zhongshu Zi (Middle Concubine-born Son) and Shuzi Yuan (Concubine-born Son Officials). The Song dynasty records state: "The Later Han established the post of Zhongshu Zi." According to this: A native of Qi, Zou Yang, in a memorial submitted stated, "The Emperor of Qin entrusted the words of Zhongshu Zi Meng Jia," which clearly indicates that Shuzi was an official post during the Qin dynasty. The Han dynasty followed this system, also having Shuzi officials with a quota of five persons. Shi Dan, Wang Shang, and Ouyang Diyu all served as Zhongshuzi (Middle Concubine-born Sons). Wang Mang changed the title to Zhongshang Yizi. In the Later Han, there were five Shuzi officials whose duties were similar to those of a Shizhong (Attendant-in-Ordinary). However, for the position of Shuzi itself, there was no fixed quota and their responsibilities were comparable to that of Zhonglang (Middle Lang) officers in the Three Offices. Generally, Shuzi officials were responsible for overseeing the household registers of legitimate sons and collateral branches among the palace staff and various officials' families. The Wei dynasty followed this system. In Wu, it was a post for close and trusted officials. Wu's Zhang Wen said to Sun Quan: "The Zhongshuzi office is the most intimate and confidential, with close questioning and proximity in conversation; therefore, it should be filled by outstanding candidates." Therefore, Gu Tan was appointed to this position. In the Jin dynasty, there were four Zhongshuzi and four Shuzi officials. Their duties ranked comparable to those of a Shizhongs (Attendant-in-Ordinary), Sanqi Changshi (Attendants on Horseback in Attendance Regularly), as well as Zhongshu Jianling (Chancellor and Director of the Secretariat). These positions were all filled by outstanding individuals, sometimes selected from among prefects. Shan Gong Qishi said: "The position of Zhongshuzi is vacant; it should be filled by an outstanding individual. Therefore, Liu Yan, Tai Shou of Jiyin, and Shi Chong, Tai Shou of Chengyang, were considered for selection." The Jin Shu records: "Zheng Mo served as Zhongshuzhi. The court considered that officials in the crown prince's entourage should be addressed as peichen (attendants)." Mo submitted a memorial stating that the Crown Prince embodied the supreme dignity of the Son of Heaven, held no private authority over the realm, and all his palace officials were appointed by the imperial court; therefore, they could not be equated to subjects of vassal states. The matter was then carried out accordingly." Wen Qiao also served as Zhongshuzhzi and presented a "Zhen for Attendant Officials," which was highly regarded for its instructive value. Wang Xun also recommended Huan Qian for the post of Zhongshuzi, saying: "The selection of a Zhongshuzi for the Eastern Palace is particularly important as he oversees the Menxia Department; therefore, one must not fail to appoint someone with talent." During a ritual of offering sacrifices to Confucius (Shidian), the Zhongshuzi supports on the left side, while the Shuzi supports on the right. The Song dynasty was the same as the Jin dynasty in this regard. They wore a wuguan (a type of military headdress), a pingsheng zhe (flat-capped headgear), and jiang chaofu (crimson-colored court robes). In the early Yuanjia era, an edict was issued ordering the two Lüe officials and Zhongshuzi to accompany the Crown Prince into the palace for duty. In the fourteenth year (of Yuanjia), another edict was issued ordering them to return to serve in the Eastern Palace. By the time of Qi, its Shuzi officials were filled by people of low status and mixed backgrounds. In the seventh year of Tianjian (of Liang), an edict was issued to reform their selection process. That same year, the posts were filled by Zhongshe Ren of the Crown Prince and Zhonglang (Middle Lang Officers) serving as assistants to the Simu (Minister of War). Generally, there were four Zhongshu Zi officials. Among them, the one with the highest merit served as Jiaoxiu (Head of the Office). When traveling, he carried the imperial seal and was responsible for guarding the procession in front and behind, jointly overseeing the prohibitions and regulations within their assigned quarters along with one Zhongshe Ren also holding a high-merit rank. There were four Shuzi officials, who were responsible for attending to the Crown Prince on his left and right sides, presenting advice and reporting on gains and losses. Among them, one with high merit would jointly oversee the prohibitions within their assigned quarters with another high-merit She Ren (Attendant). Their headdresses and official robes were the same as those of previous dynasties. The Chen dynasty followed the system established by the Liang dynasty. The Later Wei also had Zhongshuzi and Shuzi officials. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the Menxia Fang (Department of the Gate), was led by four Zhongshuzhi officials; the Dianshu Fang (Script Department) was led by four Shuzi officials. In the Sui dynasty, they were divided into two Left and Right Shuzhi positions, each with two officers who separately oversaw the affairs of the Menxia and Dianshu Fangs. Liu Xingben served as Zuo Shuzi, and after his death, Crown Prince Yong was deposed. Emperor Wendi said: "If Liu Xingben had still been alive, Yong would not have reached this point." The Great Tang dynasty also established two positions each, with the Left and Right Shuzi separately overseeing the affairs of their respective Spring Fang departments. In the second year of Longshuo, the titles of Zuo You Shuzhi were changed to Zuo You Zhonghu (Left and Right Central Protectors). In the early years of Xianheng, the original titles were restored. The Left Shuzi corresponded in rank to a Shizhong, while the Right Shuzhi corresponded to a Zhongshu Ling (Minister of the Secretariat). In the middle years of Zhenguan, an edict stated: "There is no established format for letters and memorials exchanged between the Crown Prince and government officials. In recent times, by convention they have all been addressed generically, without distinction of rank or status. From now on, in any official documents concerning decisions and discussions, the Crown Prince should be addressed as "Ling" (command), with the Right Shuzi and those below signing their names. These documents shall then be issued for implementation." Other letters addressed to relatives or teachers are not subject to this regulation." Yu Zhining served as the Crown Prince's Zuo Shuzhi and compiled a twenty-volume work titled Jianyuan, which he presented to the Crown Prince. The Crown Prince was named Chengqian." Zhongyun, Siyi Lang, Sijing, Xima, Wenxue, Xiaoshu, Zhengzi, and officials such as Dianshan, Yaozang, Neizhi, Dianshe, Gongmen, and others serving in their respective departments, along with the Chongwen Guan (Chongwen Hall), were all subordinate to the Left Spring Fang. Zhongshe Ren, She Ren and Tongshi She Ren were all subordinated to the Right Spring Fang. The Yude and Zanshan officials were also divided into left and right branches accordingly. | ||
| 3 | 太子庶子: | 中允：後漢太子官屬有之，職在中庶子下，洗馬上。漢制，太子五日一朝，其非朝日，即使僕及中允朝，朝請問起居。其後無聞。宋、齊有中舍人，是其職也。大唐貞觀初，改太子中舍人為中允，置二員。其後復置中舍人。龍朔二年，又改中允為左贊善大夫。咸亨元年，復為中允，而左贊善仍置焉。中允掌侍從禮儀，駮正啟奏，并監藥及通判坊局事。若庶子闕，則監封題。職擬黃門侍郎。永徽三年，以皇太子諱忠，改為內允。太子遜位而官復舊。 |
| Zhongyun: This position existed in the Later Han as part of the Crown Prince's entourage, with a rank below Zhongshuzi but above Xima. According to Han dynasty regulations, the Crown Prince was required to pay court homage every five days. On days when he did not attend in person, his Fu (attendant) and Zhongyun were sent instead to present their respects and inquire about the emperor's health and well-being. There is no further record of this practice afterward. The Song and Qi dynasties had Zhongshe Ren, which was essentially the same role. In the early years of Zhenguan in the Great Tang dynasty, the title of Zhongshe Ren for the Crown Prince was changed to Zhongyun, with two officials appointed. Later on, the position of Zhongshe Ren was reestablished. In the second year of Longshu, Zhongyun was again changed to Zuozanshan Dafu (Left Zanshan Doctor). In the first year of Xianheng, it was reverted back to Zhongyun, while the position of Zuozanshan remained in place. Zhongyun officials were responsible for accompanying and overseeing ceremonial protocols, reviewing and correcting memorials submitted to the Crown Prince, as well as supervising medication and jointly adjudicating matters within the various departments of the palace. If a Shuzi official was absent from duty, the Zhongyun would oversee the sealing and labeling of documents. Their rank corresponded to that of Huangmen Shilang (Attendant-in-Attendance at the Yellow Gate). In the third year of Yonghui, because the Crown Prince's name was Zhong, it was changed to Neiyun. When the Crown Prince abdicated his position, the office reverted back to its original title. | ||
| 4 | 太子庶子: | 司議郎：大唐貞觀五年，皇太子上表請置史職，用司箴誡，乃於門下坊置太子司議郎四人，精選名士以居之。龍朔中分為左右，以左司議郎替司議郎，以右司議郎替舍人。咸亨初復舊。掌侍從規諫，駮正啟奏，并錄東宮記注，分判坊事，職擬給事中。 |
| Siyi Lang: In the fifth year of Zhenguan in the Great Tang, the Crown Prince submitted a memorial requesting the establishment of historical posts to oversee admonitions and moral instruction. As a result, four positions of Tai Zi Siyi Lang (Crown Prince's Siyi Lang) were established within the Menxia Fang, with distinguished scholars carefully selected for these roles. During Longshuo era, they were divided into Left and Right Siyi Lang positions; the Left Siyi Lang replaced the original Siyi Lang post, while the Right Siyi Lang took over from She Ren. In the early years of Xianhen, the original system was restored. Their duties included accompanying and advising the Crown Prince with admonitions, reviewing and correcting submitted memorials, recording official records of the Eastern Palace, and jointly adjudicating departmental affairs. Their rank corresponded to that of Gegi Zhong (Attendant for Imperial Edicts). | ||
| 5 | 太子庶子: | 中舍人：晉咸寧初，置中舍人四人，以舍人才學之美者為之，與中庶子共掌文翰，在中庶子下，洗馬上。晉陸雲為中舍人。凡奏事文書皆綜典之，監和嘗藥，月檢奏直臣名，更直五日，典文疏如中書郎。宋亦四人。齊有一人。梁時功高者一人，與中庶子祭酒共掌其坊之禁令。陳因之。後魏、北齊並有之。隋曰內舍人，四員，屬門下坊。煬帝減二人。大唐中舍人二員，掌侍從令書奏疏，通判坊事，擬中書侍郎。永徽三年，以皇太子諱忠，改為內舍人。太子遜位而官復舊。或謂之太子中書舍人。孝和實錄曰：「王友貞，太子中書舍人。」 |
| Zhongshe Ren: In the early years of Xianning in the Jin dynasty, four Zhongshe Ren were established. These positions were filled by She Ren with exceptional talent and learning, who jointly managed literary affairs with Zhongshuzi. The rank was below that of Zhongshuzhi but above Xima. Jin Lu Yun served as Zhongshe Ren. All memorials and official documents were comprehensively managed by them, including overseeing the preparation of medicinal concoctions. They conducted monthly inspections to report on the names of officials on duty, rotating shifts every five days, with responsibilities for literary affairs comparable to Zhongshu Lang (Ministry of Secretariat Officials). The Song dynasty also had four such officials. The Qi dynasty had one official in this position. During the Liang dynasty, one individual with high merit served alongside the Zhongshuzhi Jiaoxiu to jointly oversee prohibitions and regulations in their assigned department. The Chen dynasty followed this practice. Both the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties also had such positions. In the Sui dynasty, it was known as Nei She Ren, with four officials assigned to the Menxia Fang. Emperor Yang reduced this number by two. In the Great Tang dynasty, there were two Zhongshe Ren officials, who oversaw accompanying and submitting imperial edicts and memorials to the Crown Prince as well as jointly adjudicating department affairs. Their rank was comparable to that of a Zhongshu Shilang (Minister-in-Attendance at the Secretariat). In the third year of Yonghgui, because the Crown Prince's name was Zhong, the title was changed to Nei She Ren. When the Crown Prince abdicated, the office reverted back to the original title. It was sometimes referred to as Tai Zi Zhongshu She Ren (Crown Prince's Secretariat Attendant). The Shihou Shilu records: "Wang Youzhen, Tai Zi Zhongshusheren." | ||
| 6 | 太子庶子: | 舍人：秦官也。漢因之，比郎中，選良家子孫。晁錯、鄭當時並為太子舍人。後漢無員，更直宿衛，如三署郎中。凡帝初即位，未有太子，太子官屬皆罷，唯舍人不省，屬少府。魏因之。晉有十六人，職比散騎中書侍郎，從駕則正直從，次直守。妃出則次直從。晉王衍以名門超為太子舍人。又樂廣、潘岳、顧榮、夏侯湛並為之。元帝大興元年，以太子舅虞胤為舍人，太子奏曰：「舅甥宜崇敬，不欲降舅氏之親為侍臣。」詔乃轉胤為常侍。山公啟事曰：「太子舍人夏侯湛有盛才而不長理人，有益臺閣。」宋有四人。齊有一人。梁有十六人，掌文記。梁劉杳字士深，為舍人。及昭明太子薨，新宮建，舊人例無住者，敕特留杳焉。陳因梁制。後魏亦有之。北齊典書坊置二十人。隋典書坊有八人。煬帝改為管記舍人，減四員。大唐復為太子舍人，四人，掌侍從表啟，宣行令旨，分判坊事。龍朔二年，改為右司議郎，咸亨元年復舊。 |
| She Ren: An official post established during the Qin dynasty. The Han dynasty followed this, ranking She Ren comparable to Langzhong (Attending Official), and selecting them from among descendants of reputable families. Chao Cuo and Zheng Dangshi both served as Tai Zi She Ren. The Later Han did not have a fixed quota for this position, with officials taking turns on duty guarding the palace, similar to Langzhong officers in the Three Offices. Whenever a new emperor ascended the throne and there was no Crown Prince yet appointed, all other officials in the Crown Prince's entourage were dismissed; however, She Ren remained unaffected and continued to be under the jurisdiction of Shaofu (Ministry of Imperial Manufacturing). The Wei dynasty followed this practice. In the Jin dynasty, there were sixteen She Ren officials, whose duties ranked comparable to Sanqi Zhongshu Shilangs (Attendants on Horseback and Secretariat Attendants). When accompanying the emperor on a journey, those with primary duty followed directly in attendance, while those with secondary duty remained behind for guarding purposes. When an imperial consort went out, those on secondary duty accompanied her. In the Jin dynasty, Wang Yan was promoted to Tai Zi She Ren directly due to his distinguished family background. Luo Guang, Pan Yue, Gu Rong, and Xiahou Zhan also held this position. In the first year of Daxing under Emperor Yuan, the Crown Prince's maternal uncle Yu Yin was appointed as She Ren. The Crown Prince submitted a memorial stating: "Uncle and nephew should be held in high esteem; I do not wish to reduce my uncle's status by making him a mere attendant." The emperor then issued an edict transferring Yin to the position of Changshi. Shan Gong Qishi stated: "Tai Zi She Ren Xiahou Zhan possesses great talent but is not skilled in managing people; he would be of benefit to the government offices." The Song dynasty had four such officials. The Qi dynasty had one official. The Liang dynasty had sixteen She Ren, who were in charge of literary records. Liang Liu Yao, courtesy name Shishen, served as a She Ren. When Crown Prince Zhaoming passed away and the new palace was established, it was customary for former officials not to remain in office; however, an imperial decree specially ordered Yao to stay. The Chen dynasty followed the system of the Liang dynasty. The Later Wei also had this position. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the Dianshu Fang (Scriptorium) established twenty such officials. During the Sui dynasty, the Dianshufang had eight officials in this position. Emperor Yang changed their title to Guanji She Ren and reduced the number by four posts. In the Great Tang dynasty, this position was restored as Tai Zi She Ren with four officials in charge of attending to and drafting memorials for the Crown Prince, announcing imperial orders, and assisting in administrative affairs. In the second year of Longshuo (June 21, 662 AD), it was changed to You Siyi Lang; in the first year of Xianheng (July 30, 670 AD), the original title was restored. | ||
| 7 | 太子庶子: | 通事舍人：齊中庶子屬官有通事守舍人，庶子下有內典書通事舍人二人，掌宣傳令旨，內外啟奏。梁亦有之。視南臺御史，多以餘官兼職。陳因之。北齊門下坊有通事舍人八人。至隋亦有之。煬帝改為宣令舍人，八員。大唐復為通事舍人，亦有八員，掌引導辭見，承令勞問。 |
| Tongshi She Ren: In the Qi dynasty, among the subordinate officials of Zhong Shuzi (Attendant-in-Ordinary to the Crown Prince), there were Tongshi Shoushe Ren. Under Zhushizi, two Neidianshu Tongshi She Ren were appointed, in charge of announcing imperial orders and handling internal and external memorials. The Liang dynasty also had this position. Their status was comparable to that of Nan Tai Yushi (Inspectors of the Southern Censorate), and many held concurrent appointments from other offices. The Chen dynasty followed this practice. In the Northern Qi, the Menxia Fang (Office of the Door-Down) had eight Tongshi She Ren officials. By the Sui dynasty, this position also existed. Emperor Yang changed it to Xuanling She Ren with eight posts. In the Great Tang, this position was restored as Tongshi She Ren; there were also eight officials in charge of guiding visitors and attending to matters such as receiving greetings and inquiries. | ||
| 8 | 太子庶子: | 左右諭德：龍朔三年，初置太子左右諭德各一員，掌侍從贊諭，職比常侍。 |
| Left and Right Yude: In the third year of Longshuo, one Left Yude and one Right Yude for the Crown Prince were first established; they were responsible for attending to and advising the Crown Prince, with a rank comparable to that of Changshi (Attendant). | ||
| 9 | 太子庶子: | 左右贊善大夫：龍朔二年初置左贊善大夫，替中允；置右贊善大夫，替中舍人。咸亨元年，中允、舍人復舊，而贊善大夫別自為官，左右各五人，皆掌侍從翊贊，比諫議大夫。 |
| Left and Right Zanshan Dafu: In the second year of Longshuo, the position of Left Zanshan Dafu was first established to replace Zhongyun; the position of Right Zanshan Dafu replaced Zhongshe Ren. In the first year of Xianheng, Zhongyun and She Ren reverted to their original titles; however, Zanshan Dafu remained as a separate office. There were five Left and Right Zanshan Dafus each, all responsible for attending upon and assisting the Crown Prince in advice-giving, with status comparable to Jianyi Dafu (Censorate Counselor). | ||
| 10 | 太子庶子: | 崇文館學士：魏文帝始置崇文觀，以王肅為祭酒。其後無聞。貞觀中，置崇賢館，有學士、直學士員，掌經籍圖書，教授諸生，屬左春坊。龍朔二年，改司經局為桂坊，管崇賢館，而罷隸左春坊，兼置文學四員、司直二員。司直正七品上，職為東宮之憲司。府門北向，以象御史臺也。其後省桂坊。而崇賢又屬左春坊。後沛王賢為皇太子，避其名改為崇文館，其學士例與弘文館同。 |
| Chongwen Guan Xueshi: Emperor Wen of Wei first established the Chongwen Guan (Imperial Academy), appointing Wang Su as its Jiuchou (Head). Thereafter, no further records about it are available. During the Zhenguan period, the Chongxian Guan was established. It had Xueshi (Scholars) and Zhixueshi (Attending Scholars), who were responsible for managing classical texts and books, as well as teaching students; it belonged to Zuochunfang (Left Spring Palace). In the second year of Longshu, Sijing Ju was renamed Guifang and placed in charge of Chongxian Guan; it no longer fell under Zuochunfang. At the same time, four Wenxue (Literary Officials) and two Sizhi (Judicial Officers) were added. Sizhi was a rank of Grade 7, Class I, with duties equivalent to the judicial office in the Eastern Palace. The gate of the office faced north, symbolizing its resemblance to the Yushi Tai (Censorate). Later, Guifang was abolished. Chongxian Guan once again came under Zuochunfang's jurisdiction. Later, when Pei Wang Xian became Crown Prince, to avoid using his name, the institution was renamed Chongwen Guan. Its Xueshi (scholars) followed the same regulations as those of Hongwen Guan (Hongwen Academy). | ||
| 11 | 太子庶子: | 洗馬：秦官，漢亦曰先馬。如淳曰：「前驅也。」國語曰：「句踐親為夫差先馬。」先或作洗。又漢書：「汲黯及姊子司馬安並為太子洗馬。安文深巧善宦，四至九卿。」後漢員十六人，職如謁者，太子出則當直者前驅，導威儀也。漢選郎中補。安帝時，太子謁廟，洗馬高山冠。非乘從時，著小冠。魏因之。晉有八人，職如謁者，准祕書郎。進賢一梁冠，黑介幘，絳朝服。掌圖籍，釋奠講經則掌其事，餘與後漢同。晉江統為洗馬，太子頗好遊宴，或闕朝侍，統以五事諫之。又陸機、鄧攸、傅咸並為洗馬，又衛玠為洗馬。宋與晉同。齊置一人。梁有典經局，又置八人，掌文翰，尤為清選，皆取甲族有才名者為之，位視通直郎。梁庾於陵拜洗馬，舍人如故。舊事，東宮官屬，，通為清選，洗馬掌文翰，尤其清者。東宮近代用人，皆取甲族有才名者。時於陵、周捨並擢充斯職。武帝曰：「官以人而清，豈限於甲族。」時論美之。陳因之。北齊典經坊洗馬二人。隋曰司經局，置洗馬四人。煬帝減二人。大唐司經局洗馬二人。龍朔二年，改洗馬為司經大夫。三年，改司經局為桂坊。一云析司經局置桂坊。司經大夫通判坊事，罷隸左春坊。咸亨初復舊，掌侍奉及經史圖籍，判局事。 |
| Xima: an official title in the Qin dynasty; it was also called Xianma during the Han dynasty. Ru Chun said: "It refers to a vanguard." Guo Yu says: "Goujian personally served as Xianma for Fuchai." Xian was sometimes written as Xi. In addition, the Book of Han records: "Ji An and his nephew Sima An both served as Tai Zi Xima." An was eloquent, cunning, and skilled in officialdom, having reached the rank of Jiuching four times." In the Later Han dynasty, there were sixteen Xima officials. Their duties were similar to those of Yezhe (Attendants). When the Crown Prince went out, the official on duty led the way as a vanguard and guided ceremonial procedures. The Han dynasty selected Langzhong to fill this position. During the reign of Emperor An, when the Crown Prince paid homage at the temple, Xima Gao Shan wore a guan (ceremonial cap). When not riding in procession, he wore a small-cap. The Wei dynasty followed this practice. The Jin dynasty had eight Xima officials; their duties were similar to Yezhe, and they ranked equivalent to Mishi Lang (Secretariat Attendant). They wore the Jinxian Guan with one beam, a black jiezhi headdress, and crimson court robes. Their duties included managing maps and records; during ceremonies for offering sacrifices to Confucius or lectures on the classics, they were in charge of such affairs. Otherwise, their responsibilities were the same as those in the Later Han dynasty. In the Jin dynasty, Jiang Tong served as Xima. The Crown Prince was quite fond of banquets and outings, sometimes neglecting his morning court duties; Tong advised him on five occasions. Luo Ji, Deng You, Fu Xian, and Wei Jie also served as Xima." The Song dynasty was the same as the Jin. The Qi dynasty established one official in this position. The Liang dynasty established the Dianjing Ju (Bureau of Classical Texts) and also appointed eight Xima officials, who were responsible for literary affairs. This position was particularly prestigious; only individuals from distinguished families with notable talent were selected to hold it, and their status was equivalent to Tongzhi Lang. In the Liang dynasty, Yu Yuling was appointed as Xima; he retained his previous position of She Ren. According to old records, officials in the Eastern Palace were generally considered prestigious appointments; among them, Xima was especially esteemed for its literary responsibilities. In recent times, when appointing personnel to the Eastern Palace, officials were always selected from distinguished families with reputations for talent. At that time, Yu Yuling and Zhou She were both promoted to fill this post. Emperor Wu said: "An office becomes prestigious because of the person who holds it; why should it be limited to those from distinguished families?" At that time, public opinion praised this statement. The Chen dynasty followed this system. In the Northern Qi, there were two Xima officials in Dianjing Fang (Bureau of Classical Texts). During the Sui dynasty, it was called Sijing Ju and had four Xima officials. Emperor Yang reduced this number by two posts. In the Great Tang, Sijing Ju had two Xima officials. In the second year of Longshou, Xima was changed to Sijing Dafu. In the third year, Sijing Ju was renamed Gui Fang. One account says that Guifang was established by splitting off from Sijing Ju. Sijing Dafu oversaw administrative affairs in the office and no longer fell under the jurisdiction of Zuochunfang. In the early years of Xianheng, the original system was restored; they were in charge of attending upon the Crown Prince and managing classical texts, historical records, and maps, as well as adjudicating bureau affairs. | ||
| 12 | 太子庶子: | 文學：漢時郡及王國並有文學，而東宮無聞。魏武置太子文學，魏武為丞相，以司馬宣王為文學掾，甚為世子所親信。自後並無。至後周建德三年，太子文學十人，後省。龍朔三年，置太子文學四員。屬桂坊。桂坊廢而屬司經。開元中，定制為三員，掌侍奉，分掌四部書，判書功事。 |
| Wenxue: During the Han dynasty, both commanderies and kingdoms had Wenxue officials, but there is no record of such a position in the Eastern Palace. Cao Wei, as Chancellor, established the post of Tai Zi Wenxue. As Cao Wei served as Chancellor, he appointed Sima Xuanwang as Wenxue Yuan; this official was greatly trusted by the Crown Prince. After that, there were no further records of such appointments. It was not until the third year of Jiande in the Later Zhou dynasty that ten Tai Zi Wenxues were appointed, but this position was later abolished. In the third year of Longshou, four Tai Zi Wenxue posts were established. They belonged to Guifang. After Guifang was abolished, they came under Sijing Ju's jurisdiction instead. During the Kaiyuan period, it was officially set at three Wenxue officials in charge of attendance and assisting with the four divisions of books, as well as adjudicating literary affairs. | ||
| 13 | 太子庶子: | 校書：宋孝建中，洗馬有校書吏四人，自後無聞。北齊有太子校書。隋太子校書有六人。大唐四人，掌讎校經籍。無郎字。初弘文、崇文二館置讎校，開元六年省讎校，置校書。弘文四員，崇文二員。 |
| Xiaoshu: During the Xiaojian period of the Song dynasty, there were four clerks in charge of proofreading under Xima; after that, no further records are available. The Northern Qi had Tai Zi Xiaoshu (Crown Prince's Proofreader). During the Sui dynasty, there were six Tai Zi Xiaoshu officials. In the Great Tang, there were four such officials in charge of proofreading classical texts and records. The title did not include the word "Lang." Initially, Hongwen Guan and Chongwen Guan established Chouxiao (proofreaders). In the sixth year of Kaiyuan, Chouxiao were abolished and Xiaoshu posts were instead established. Hongwen had four officials, while Chongwen had two." | ||
| 14 | 太子庶子: | 正字：隋太子正字二員，煬帝改為正書。大唐復為正字，亦置二人，掌刊正文字。 |
| Zhengzi: During the Sui dynasty, there were two Tai Zi Zhengzi officials; Emperor Yang changed the title to Zhengshu. In the Great Tang, it was restored as Zhengzi and also had two posts, in charge of correcting and standardizing written characters. | ||
| 15 | 太子庶子: | 典膳郎：漢魏以來並有太子食官局。至北齊，門下坊始別置典膳局，有監、丞各二人。隋如北齊之制。大唐典膳局有郎二人，丞二人。郎掌進膳嘗食之事，丞貳之。乾封元年，皇太子久在內不出，典膳丞邢文偉減膳，上啟曰：「竊見禮大戴記曰：『太子既冠，成人，免於保傅之嚴，則有司過之史，虧膳之宰。史之義不得不書過，不書則死之。宰之義不得不撤膳，不撤則死之。』近日以來，未甚談議，不接謁見，常三朝之後，但與內人獨居，何由發揮聖智，使睿哲文明者乎！今史雖闕官，宰當奉職，忝備所司，不敢逃死。謹守禮經，遽申減膳。」其年，右史闕，宰臣進擬數人，高宗曰：「邢文偉嫌我兒不讀書，不肯與肉喫，此人甚直，可用。」遂拜焉。 |
| Dianshan Lang: Since the Han and Wei dynasties, there have always been Tai Zi Shiguan Ju (Crown Prince's Office of Food Administration). It was not until the Northern Qi that Menxia Fang first established a separate Dianshan Ju (Office of Diet), with one Jian and one Cheng each, two posts for each. The Sui dynasty followed the system of Northern Qi. In the Great Tang, Dianshan Ju had two Lang and two Cheng officials. The Lang were in charge of presenting food and tasting meals; the Cheng assisted them. In the first year of Qianfeng, Crown Prince remained inside for a long time without going out. Dianshan Cheng Xing Wenwei reduced his food rations and submitted a memorial saying: "I have secretly read in the Da Dai Ji Li (Record of Rites by Master Da) that 'Once the Crown Prince is crowned as an adult, he is no longer under the strict guidance of his tutors; then there are officials responsible for reprimanding him—historians to record his faults and cooks who reduce his food. The duty of the historian is to record any misconduct without fail; if they do not record it, they will be put to death. The cook's duty is to reduce food rations without fail; otherwise, he too shall face execution.'" In recent days, there has been little discussion or debate; he does not receive visitors and constantly stays alone with palace attendants after the three court audiences. How can his holy wisdom be demonstrated to bring forth a wise and enlightened civilization! Now, although the historian's office is vacant, I as the cook must fulfill my duty. As a humble official in charge of this matter, I dare not evade death. I have carefully followed the rites and now respectfully request to reduce the food rations." That year, the Right Shi (historian) position was vacant. Several candidates were recommended by ministerial officials, but Emperor Gaozong said: "Xing Wenwei criticized my son for not studying and refused to give him meat to eat; this man is very upright and can be used." And so he was appointed. | ||
| 16 | 太子庶子: | 藥藏郎：北齊門下坊領藥藏局，有監、丞各二人，侍藥四人。隋如北齊之制。大唐藥藏局有郎二人，丞二人。郎掌和劑醫藥之事，丞貳之。 |
| Yaocang Lang: In the Northern Qi, Menxia Fang administered Yaocang Ju (Medicine Storage Office), with one Jian and two Cheng each, and four Shiyao attendants. The Sui dynasty followed the same system as Northern Qi. In the Great Tang, Yaocang Ju had two Lang and two Cheng. The Lang were in charge of compounding medicines and medical affairs; the Cheng assisted them. | ||
| 17 | 太子庶子: | 內直郎：齊有太子內直兵局，內直兵史二人。梁有齋內、主璽、主衣、扶侍等局，各置有司，以承其事。陳因之。北齊門下坊領殿內局，有內直監二人，副監四人。隋如北齊制。大唐內直局有郎二人，丞二人，掌符璽、繖扇、几案、衣服之事，丞貳之。 |
| Neizhi Lang: In the Qi dynasty, there was a Tai Zi Neizhi Bing Ju (Crown Prince's Inner Duty Soldiers Office), with two Neizhi Bing Shi officials. The Liang dynasty had Zhai Nei Ju (Chamber Office), Zhu Xi Ju (Seal Office), Zhu Yi Ju (Attire Office), Fushi Ju (Personal Attendant Office), and other offices, each with their own officials to handle the affairs. The Chen dynasty followed this system. In the Northern Qi, Menxia Fang oversaw Dian Nei Ju (Palace Interior Office), with two Neizhi Jian and four Fu Jian. The Sui dynasty followed the institutional system of the Northern Qi. In the Great Tang, Neizhi Ju had two Lang and two Cheng, in charge of matters concerning seals, parasols, fans, tables, chairs, clothing, etc., with the Cheng assisting them. | ||
| 18 | 太子庶子: | 典設郎：南齊置齋居局齋居庫，丞一人。梁齋內局各置有司，以承其事。陳因之。北齊門下坊有齋帥局，有太子齋帥、內閣帥各二人。隋如北齊制。大唐典設局有郎四人，掌凡大祭祀湯沐、灑掃、鋪陳之事。 |
| Dianshe Lang: In the Southern Qi dynasty, Zhai Ju Ju (Chamber Storage Office) and Zhai Ju Ku (Chamber Storehouse) were established, with one Cheng. In the Liang dynasty, each office under Zhai Nei Ju had its own officials to manage their respective affairs. The Chen dynasty followed this practice. In the Northern Qi, Menxiafang had Zhai Shuai Ju (Chamber Commander Office), with two Tai Zi Zhai Shuai and two Neige Shuai. The Sui dynasty followed the institutions of the Northern Qi. In the Great Tang, Dian She Ju had four Lang officials, in charge of all matters related to hot water and bathing, sweeping, and arranging things for major sacrificial ceremonies. | ||
| 19 | 太子庶子: | 宮門郎：秦有太子門大夫，漢因之，員二人，漢官儀曰：「門大夫選四府掾屬。」職比郎將。漢官儀曰：「安帝時，太子謁廟，門大夫乘從，冠兩梁冠。」魏因之。晉太子門大夫准公車令，掌通牋表及宮門禁防。宋因之。梁代視謁者僕射。陳因之。北齊謂之門大夫坊，并統伶官。隋煬帝改門大夫為宮門監。大唐初為宮門大夫。今宮門局有郎二人，丞二人，郎掌東宮殿門管鑰及啟閉之事，丞貳之。 |
| Gongmen Lang: In the Qin dynasty, there was Tai Zi Men Dafu (Crown Prince's Gate Magistrate), a position continued by the Han dynasty with two officials. Hanguan Yi said: "Men Dafu were selected from four Fu Yuan Shu." Their duties ranked comparable to those of Lang Jiang (military officers). Hanguan Yi said: "During Emperor An's reign, when the Crown Prince paid homage at the temple, Men Dafu rode in attendance and wore a two-lintel crown." The Wei dynasty followed this system. In the Jin dynasty, Tai Zi Men Dafu was equivalent to Gongche Ling (Office of Public Vehicles), in charge of transmitting letters and memorials as well as guarding palace gates. The Song dynasty followed this system. In the Liang dynasty, it was equivalent to Yezhe Puye (Attendant Minister). The Chen dynasty followed this. In the Northern Qi, it was called Men Dafu Fang and also administered musicians. Emperor Yang of the Sui changed the title of Men Dafu to Gongmen Jian (Palace Gate Supervisor). In the early Great Tang, it was known as Gongmen Dafu. Nowadays, Gongmen Ju has two Lang and two Cheng; the Lang are in charge of keys to the palace gates of the Eastern Palace and their opening and closing, with the Cheng assisting them. |
《太子家令 - Crown Prince's Jialing 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子家令: | 丞 主簿 食官署 典倉署 司藏署 |
| Cheng Zhubu Shiguanshu Diancangshu Sicangshu | ||
| 2 | 太子家令: | 家令，秦官，屬詹事。服虔曰：「太子稱家，故曰家令。」漢因之，有丞，晁錯為太子家令，以奇辯得幸太子，太子家號為智囊。疏受亦為太子家令。主倉穀飲食，職似司農、少府。漢代太子食湯沐邑十縣，家令主之。後漢則屬少傅，主倉穀飲食。魏因之。晉又兼主刑獄、穀貨、飲食，職比廷尉、司農、少府。其家令、率更令及僕，為太子三卿。太康八年，進品與中庶子、二率同。自漢至晉，家令在率更下，宋則居上。銅印墨綬，進賢兩梁冠，絳朝服。主內茵褥床几諸供中之物及官奴婢、月用錢、內庫、鹽米、車牛、刑獄。齊因之。自宋齊以來，清流者不為之。沈約為齊文惠太子家令。至梁天監六年，武帝以三卿陵替，乃詔革選，家令視通直常侍，率更、僕視黃門。陳因之。後魏亦曰三卿。北齊家令有功曹、主簿，領食官、典倉、司藏等三署及領內坊令、丞。隋掌刑法、食膳、倉庫、奴婢等。煬帝改為司府令。大唐復為家令寺，置家令一人，唯不主刑法，餘與隋同。龍朔二年，改家令寺為宮府寺，家令為宮府大夫。咸亨初復舊。丞二人，主簿一人，領食官署、典倉署、司藏署，署令各一人，丞各二人。 |
| Jialing was an official post established in the Qin dynasty, and it belonged to Zhanshi. Fu Qian said: "The crown prince is referred to as a family, hence the title Jialing." The Han dynasty followed this system, and there was a post of Cheng (deputy). Chao Cuo served as Jialing for the crown prince. He gained favor with the crown prince through his eloquence and wit, and the household of the crown prince referred to him as their "brain trust." Shu Shou also served as Jialing for the Crown Prince. It was responsible for grain, food, and drink storage, with duties similar to those of Sinong and Shaofu. During the Han dynasty, the crown prince was granted ten counties as his fief for providing food and supplies; the Jialing was in charge of these. In the Later Han dynasty, it belonged to Shaofu, who oversaw grain storage, food, and drink. The Wei dynasty followed this system. In the Jin dynasty, it also oversaw criminal cases, grain and goods, and food and drink; its duties were comparable to those of Tingwei, Sinong, and Shaofu. Its Jialing, Luegengling, and Pu formed the three senior officials (sanqing) of the crown prince's household. In Taikang eighth year (August 23, 297 AD), its rank was elevated to be equal with Zhongshuzi and the two Lue. From the Han dynasty to the Jin dynasty, Jialing ranked below Luegeng; in the Song dynasty, it was placed above. It used a bronze seal and black silk sash, wore the Jinxian two-plate cap, and donned crimson court robes. It was in charge of items for the interior such as bedding, mats, beds, and tables used by the crown prince; government slaves and servants; monthly expenses; the inner treasury; salt and rice; carts and oxen; and criminal cases. The Qi dynasty followed this system. Since the Song and Qi dynasties, those of high moral standing did not serve in these posts. Shen Yue served as Jialing to Prince Wenhui of Qi. In the sixth year of Tianjian (August 18, 507 AD) during the Liang dynasty, Emperor Wu issued an edict to reform appointments because he considered the three senior officials to be in decline; Jialing was ranked equivalent to Tongzhichangshi, while Luegeng and Pu were ranked equivalent to Huangmen. The Chen dynasty followed this system. The Later Wei also referred to them as the three senior officials. In the Northern Qi dynasty, Jialing had posts of Gongcao and Zhubu, and oversaw three departments: Shiguanshu, Diancangshu, and Sicangshu, as well as the Neifangling and Cheng. In the Sui dynasty, it oversaw criminal law, food and meals, granaries, slaves and servants, among other matters. Emperor Yang changed its title to Sifuling. In the Great Tang dynasty, it was restored as Jialingsi (the Office of the Crown Prince's Household), with one Jialing appointed. It did not oversee criminal law; otherwise, its duties were the same as in the Sui dynasty. In the second year of Longshuo (August 21, 662 AD), Jialingsi was renamed Gongfusi, and its head, Jialing, became known as Gongfu Daifu. In the early years of Xianheng, the old title was restored. There were two Cheng (deputies) and one Zhubu (chief clerk), who oversaw Shiguanshu, Dianchangshu, and Sicangshi. Each department had a Shuling (director) of one person and two Cheng (deputies). | ||
| 3 | 太子家令: | 丞：漢家令有丞，後無聞。宋書云「家令丞一人，晉置」。宋齊以後並有之。後周無。隋家令丞二人。大唐因之。龍朔二年，改為宮府丞。咸亨元年復舊。掌判寺事。 |
| Cheng: The Han dynasty Jialing had a deputy, but there is no record of this afterward. The Song Shu states, "One Cheng for Jialing was established in the Jin dynasty." They were also present during the Song and Qi dynasties. The Later Zhou dynasty did not have this post. In the Sui dynasty, Jialing had two Cheng (deputies). The Great Tang dynasty followed this system. In the second year of Longshu (August 21, AD 662), it was renamed Gongfu Cheng. In the first year of Xianheng (January 1, AD 670) the old title was restored. They were in charge of adjudicating matters within the temple. | ||
| 4 | 太子家令: | 主簿：晉家令有主簿，宋齊因之，自後無。北齊家令有主簿員。隋亦然。大唐因之。掌印并及句舉。 |
| Zhubu: The Jin dynasty Jialing had a Zhubu; the Song and Qi dynasties followed this, but there was no record afterward. The Northern Qi dynasty's Jialing also had an official position for Zhubu. So did the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang dynasty followed this practice. They were in charge of the seal and also responsible for recording matters. | ||
| 5 | 太子家令: | 食官署令、丞：漢詹事屬官有食官令長丞。後漢亦有，而屬少傅，主飲食。晉太子食官令，職如太官令。宋則屬中庶子。齊則屬詹事，掌廚膳之事。梁食官局屬庶子。陳因之。後魏亦有。北齊有食官令、丞，又別領器局、酒局二丞。隋家令寺統食官令、丞，令一人，丞二人。大唐因之，掌飲膳之事。 |
| Shiguanshu Ling, Cheng: In the Han dynasty, Zhanshi had subordinate officials including Shiguanling Chang and Cheng. The Later Han also had this post, which belonged to Shaofu and was in charge of food and drink. In the Jin dynasty, Shiguanling for the Crown Prince held duties similar to Taiguanling (the head official of the imperial kitchen). During the Song dynasty, it belonged to Zhongshuzi. In the Qi dynasty, it belonged to Zhanshi and was in charge of kitchen and meal affairs. losure In the Liang dynasty, Shiguanju (the Office of Food Officials) belonged to Shuzi. The Chen dynasty followed this system. The Later Wei also had it. In the Northern Qi dynasty, there were Shiguanling and Cheng; additionally, they separately oversaw two departments: Qiju (the Office of Vessels) and Jiuju (the Wine Bureau), each with a Cheng. In the Sui dynasty, Shiguanshu was under the jurisdiction of Jialingsi, which had one Ling and two Cheng. The Great Tang followed this system; it oversaw food and meal matters. | ||
| 6 | 太子家令: | 典倉署令：後漢太子倉令屬少傅，主倉穀。魏以下無聞。後魏有之。北齊家令寺領典倉署令、丞，典倉署又別領園丞。隋家令寺統典倉令、丞，令一人，丞二人。大唐因之，掌穀藏出納及醯醢庶羞之事。 |
| Diancangshu Ling: In the Later Han dynasty, Taizi Cangling belonged to Shaofu and oversaw granaries and grain. There is no record of it in later dynasties after the Wei. The Later Wei had this position. In the Northern Qi dynasty, Diancangshuling and Cheng were under Jialingsi; additionally, Diancangshi separately oversaw Yuancheng. In the Sui dynasty, Diancangling and Cheng were under Jialing Si; there was one Ling and two Chengs. The Great Tang followed this practice, overseeing the storage, distribution, and management of grain as well as matters related to vinegar, fermented sauces, and various delicacies. | ||
| 7 | 太子家令: | 司藏署令：晉家令有主物吏四人。梁有錫賜庫局丞庶子，又有東宮衛庫丞。北齊家令寺領司藏署令、丞，司藏又別領仗庫、典作二局丞。隋家令統司藏署令一人，丞二人。大唐因之，掌藏庫財貨營繕之事。 |
| Sicangshu Ling: In the Jin dynasty, Jialingsi had four Shiwuli (officials in charge of goods). In the Liang dynasty, there was a Xicikuju Cheng under Shuzi, as well as an Donggong Weikucheng. In the Northern Qi dynasty, Sicangshuling and Cheng were subordinate to Jialingsi. Additionally, Sicangshi separately oversaw two bureaus: Zhangku (the Office of Implements) and Dianzuoju (the Workshop Bureau), each with a Ju Cheng. In the Sui dynasty, Sicangshu was under Jialing's jurisdiction, which had one Ling and two Chens. The Great Tang followed this system, overseeing matters related to stored goods in the treasury, financial assets, and construction projects. |
《太子率更令 - Prince's Shugeng Ling 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子率更... : | 丞 主簿 |
| Cheng Zhubu | ||
| 2 | 太子率更... : | 率更令，秦官。顏師古曰：「掌知漏刻，故曰率更。」漢因之，有丞、主簿、庶子、舍人更直，職似光祿勳而屬詹事。後漢因之，後屬少傅。魏因之。晉主宮殿門戶及賞罰事，職如光祿勳、衛尉，而屬詹事。宋制，銅印墨綬，進賢兩梁冠，絳朝服。梁、陳、後魏並有之。北齊領中盾署，掌周衛禁防漏刻鐘鼓，亦屬詹事。隋掌伎樂漏刻，有令、丞、錄事各一人。大唐因之，加掌皇族次序及刑法事。龍朔二年，改率更寺為司更寺，改令為大夫。咸亨初復舊，丞、主簿各一人。 |
| Shugeng Ling was an official title established during the Qin dynasty. Yan Shigu said: "The office is responsible for knowing the time measured by clepsydra, hence it was called Shugeng." The Han dynasty followed this system. The office had a Cheng (deputy), Zhubu, Shizi, She Ren Gengzhi, and other officials on duty; their duties were similar to those of Guanglu Xun but they belonged to the Zhanshi institution. The Later Han dynasty also followed this system, later coming under the authority of the Shaofu. The Wei dynasty continued this practice. During the Jin dynasty, the office was responsible for palace gates and doors as well as matters of rewards and punishments. Its duties were similar to those of the Guanglu Xun and Weiyi, but it belonged under the Zhanshi institution. During the Song dynasty, the system provided a bronze seal with an ink-colored ribbon, a Jinxian Erliang Guan (a type of official hat), and a crimson court uniform. The Liang dynasty, Chen dynasty, and Later Wei all maintained this system. During the Northern Qi dynasty, it oversaw the Zhongdun Shu (Office of Central Shield), which was responsible for guarding and patrolling the palace area, managing clepsydras, bells, and drums; this office also belonged under the Zhanshi. During the Sui dynasty, it was responsible for music and clepsydra timekeeping, with one Ling (commander), one Cheng (deputy), and one Lushi (record officer) each. The great Tang dynasty followed this system but added the responsibility of overseeing the order of the imperial clan and matters related to criminal law. In the second year of Longshuo, the Shugeng Si (Office of Rategeng) was renamed Siguang Si, and its Ling (commander) position was changed to Daifu. In the early years of Xianheng, the original name was restored; there were one Cheng and one Zhubu each. | ||
| 3 | 太子率更... : | 丞：後漢率更置丞一人。歷代悉有，唯後周無。大唐因隋，掌判禮樂刑罰之事。 |
| Cheng: The Later Han dynasty established a single Cheng (deputy) in the Shugeng office. All subsequent dynasties had this position, except for the Later Zhou. The Tang dynasty followed the Sui system; it was responsible for adjudicating matters of rites, music, criminal law, and punishment. | ||
| 4 | 太子率更... : | 主簿：晉置一人。宋無，齊有之，自後無聞。北齊、隋又有之。大唐因之。掌印及句舉。 |
| Zhubu: The Jin dynasty established one Zhubu (chief clerk). The Song dynasty did not have this position, but the Qi dynasty had it; after that, there is no further record of its existence. The Northern Qi and Sui dynasties also had this position. The Tang dynasty continued this practice. It was responsible for the seal and for recording official matters. |
《太子僕 - Taizi Bu 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太子僕: | 丞 主簿 廄牧署 |
| Cheng Zhubu Jiumushu | ||
| 2 | 太子僕: | 僕，秦官。漢因之，又有長丞，主車馬。又有太子廄長一人，亦主車馬。後漢因之，而屬少傅，職如太僕。太子五日一朝。其非太子朝日，即與中允入問起居。魏因之。晉主輿馬，兼主親族，如太僕、宗正。從駕乘安車，次家令而屬詹事。宋齊並有之。梁視黃門郎。陳因之。後魏亦有。北齊詹事領僕寺，置令、丞、功曹、主簿，領廄牧署令。隋僕寺置僕一人，掌皇族親疏、車輿騎乘，領廄牧署令。大唐因之，加掌儀仗喪葬而不掌親族。龍朔二年，改僕寺為馭僕寺，改僕為大夫。咸亨初復舊。丞、主簿各一人，統廄牧署。 |
| Bu was an official title from the Qin dynasty. The Han dynasty followed this system, and there were also a Chang and a Cheng in charge of carriages and horses. There was also one person serving as Taizi Jiu Chang, who was also in charge of carriages and horses. The Later Han dynasty followed this system as well, but the position was subordinated to the Shaofu, with duties similar to those of the Taifu. The crown prince paid homage once every five days. On days when the crown prince did not pay homage, he would enter with Zhongyun to inquire about the emperor's well-being. The Wei dynasty followed this system. During the Jin dynasty, the position was in charge of carriages and horses, as well as overseeing relatives, similar to the duties of Taifu and Zongzheng. When accompanying the emperor on a journey, he rode in an Anche (a type of carriage), ranking below the Jialing and under the jurisdiction of Zhanshi. The Song and Qi dynasties both had this position. In the Liang dynasty, it was regarded as equivalent to Huangmenlang. The Chen dynasty followed this system. The Later Wei also had this position. In the Northern Qi dynasty, Zhanshi oversaw the Bu Si (Stable Office), and officials such as Ling, Cheng, Gongcao, and Zhubu were appointed, overseeing the Jiumushu Ling. In the Sui dynasty, the Bu Si (Stable Office) was established with one Bu in charge of close and distant relatives of the royal family, as well as carriages and horse riding, overseeing the Jiumushuling. The great Tang dynasty followed this system but added responsibility for ceremonial guards and funerals without overseeing relatives. In the second year of Longshuo, the Bu Si was renamed Yu Bu Si, and the position of Bu was changed to Dafu. At the beginning of Xianheng, the old system was restored. There were one Cheng and one Zhubu each, overseeing Jiumushu. | ||
| 3 | 太子僕: | 丞：梁有之，陳因之。後魏、北齊、隋並有之。大唐因之。 |
| Cheng: The Liang dynasty had this position, which the Chen dynasty followed. The Later Wei, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasties all had it as well. The great Tang dynasty followed this tradition. | ||
| 4 | 太子僕: | 主簿：晉置，宋無，齊有之。梁、陳、後魏無，北齊、隋皆有之。大唐因之。 |
| Zhubu: Established in the Jin dynasty, it was absent during the Song but existed during the Qi. The Liang and Chen dynasties as well as the Later Wei did not have this position, while both the Northern Qi and Sui had it. The great Tang dynasty followed suit. | ||
| 5 | 太子僕: | 廄牧署令、丞：漢有太子廄長、丞，屬詹事。後漢亦有，而屬少傅，主車馬。魏晉因之。齊東宮屬有內廄局、外廄局，皆有丞。梁陳因之。後魏有之。北齊則曰廄牧署令、丞，車輿局丞。隋僕寺統廄牧署令、丞。大唐因之。掌車馬、閑廄、牧畜之事。 |
| Jiumushu Ling and Cheng: The Han dynasty had the positions of Taizi Jiu Chang and Cheng, both subordinate to Zhanshi. The Later Han also had these posts, but they were subordinated to Shaofu and in charge of carriages and horses . The Wei and Jin dynasties followed this system. During the Qi dynasty, in the Donggong (east palace), there were Neijiuju and Waijiuju, both of which had Cheng. The Liang and Chen dynasties followed this practice. The Later Wei also had it. In the Northern Qi, they were called Jiumushu Ling and Cheng, as well as Cheyuju Cheng. During the Sui dynasty, Bu Si oversaw Jiumushu Ling and Cheng. The great Tang dynasty followed this practice. They were in charge of carriages, horses, stables for leisure, and animal husbandry. |
《左右衛率府 - Left and Right Weilv Fu 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 左右衛率... : | 副率以下官屬 |
| Vice Commanders and subordinate officials | ||
| 2 | 左右衛率... : | 衛率府，秦官。漢因之，屬詹事。後漢主門衛徼循衛士，而屬少傅。魏因之。晉武帝建東宮，置衛率，初曰中衛率。泰始五年，分為左右衛率，各領一軍。惠帝時，愍懷太子在東宮，又加前後二衛率。晉志曰：「凡太子出，前衛率導在前，黃麾，左右二率從，使導輿車。後衛率從，在烏皮外。並帶戟執刀，其服並視左右衛將軍。」山公啟事曰：「太子左率缺，侍衛威重，宜得其才無疾患者。城陽太守石崇，忠篤有文武，河東太守焦勝，清貞著信義，皆其選也。」劉卞為愍懷太子左率，知賈后必害太子，乃問張華，華曰：「君欲如何？」卞曰：「東宮雋乂如林，四率精兵萬人。公居阿衡之任，若得公命，皇太子因朝，使錄尚書事，廢賈后於金墉，兩黃門力耳。」華曰：「廢立大事，恆懼禍甚，又非所能。」賈后微聞，遷卞為雍州刺史，卞恐終露，乃服藥卒。成都王穎為太弟，又置中衛率，是為五率。及江左，省前後率。孝武太元中，又置。宋齊止署左右二率。齊沈約為太子右率。又徐孝嗣自吏部尚書轉領太子右率，臺閣事多以委之。沈文季亦嘗為此官。梁二率視御史中丞。銅印墨綬，武冠，絳朝服。左率領七營，右率領四營。陳有二率。後魏曰左右衛率。北齊謂之左右衛率坊。後周東宮有司戎、司武、司衛等員。隋曰左右率，兼有副率二人。文帝以太子勇頻知時政，欲重宮官之資，故以大臣領其職。蘇孝慈自兵部尚書拜右衛率，尚書如故。上將廢太子，憚其在東宮，乃出為淅州刺史。煬帝改左右衛率為左右侍率，兼置副率二人。大唐為左右衛率府。龍朔二年，改其府為左右典戎衛。咸亨元年復舊。置率各一人，領兵宿衛，督攝隊伍，總判府事。李靖為中書令，行左衛率，轉兵部尚書。 |
| Weilv Fu was an official post of the Qin dynasty. The Han dynasty followed this system, and it belonged to the Zhanshi Department. In the Later Han, it was responsible for guarding palace gates, patrolling, and overseeing guards, and belonged to the Shaofu. The Wei dynasty followed this system. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin, when the Donggong (east palace) was established, a Weilv officer was appointed. Initially, this position was called Zhongweilv. In the fifth year of Taishi (269 AD), it was divided into Left and Right Weilv, each commanding one army. During the reign of Emperor Hui, when Crown Prince Minhuai was in the Donggong, two additional Weilv posts were added: Front and Rear. The Records of the Jin dynasty state: "Whenever the crown prince went out, the Front Weilv led the way in front with a yellow banner, while the Left and Right Weilvs followed on both sides to guide his carriage. The Rear Weilv followed behind, outside the Wupi (a type of canopy or covering). They all carried halberds and wielded swords, and their attire was equivalent to that of the Left and Right Weijun generals." The Shangong Qishi states: "A vacancy has occurred in the position of Left Weilv. Since this post is responsible for the Crown Prince's personal security and holds great authority, it should be filled by a person who is both capable and free from illness or health issues." "Shi Chong, the Tai Shou of Chengyang, is loyal and devoted with both literary and martial talents; Jiao Sheng, the Tai Shou of Hedong, is known for his integrity and trustworthiness. Both would be suitable candidates." Liu Bian served as the Left Weilv of Crown Prince Minhuai. Knowing that Empress Jia would surely harm the crown prince, he asked Zhang Hua, "What do you think I should do?" Bian replied, "The Donggong has a multitude of talented individuals like trees in a forest, and the four Weilv commands consist of ten thousand elite soldiers. You hold the position of a prime minister. If you issue an order, His Majesty the Crown Prince could take advantage of his court appearance to have the Chancellor record official affairs and depose Empress Jia at Jin Yong. It would require only two palace attendants' strength." Zhang Hua replied, "Deposing and enthroning is a major matter. I have always feared great calamity, and besides, it is not something within my power to do." Empress Jia heard of this secretly and transferred Bian to the position of Zhizhou of Yongzhou. Fearing that he would eventually be exposed, Bian took poison and died." Ducheng Wang Ying became the Taidi (younger crown prince), and a Zhongweilv was reestablished, making five Weilv positions in total. When the imperial court moved to Jiangzuo, the posts of Front and Rear Weilv were abolished. During the Taiyuan period of Emperor Xiaowu, they were reestablished again. The Liang and Qi dynasties only maintained the posts of Left and Right Weilv. Qi's Shen Yue served as the Right Weilv to the Crown Prince. Xu Xiaosi also transferred from Minister of Personnel to assume leadership as the Right Weilv, and many affairs in the government offices were entrusted to him. Shen Wenji also once held this position." In the Liang dynasty, the two Weilv posts ranked equivalent to the Zhongcheng of the Censorate. They used copper seals with black silk tassels, wore military caps, and donned red court robes. The Left Weilv commanded seven camps, while the Right Weilv commanded four camps. The Chen dynasty also had two Weilv posts. In the Later Wei, they were called Left and Right Weilv respectively. The Northern Qi dynasty referred to them as the Left and Right Weilvfang. In the Later Zhou, the Donggong had officials such as Sirong, Siwu, and Siwei. During the Sui dynasty, they were called the Left and Right Weilv; there were also two Vice Weilvs. Emperor Wen, because Crown Prince Yong frequently handled current affairs and wished to emphasize the importance of palace officials, therefore appointed senior ministers to hold these positions. Su Xiaoci was appointed as Right Weilv while still serving as Minister of War; he retained his previous post at the Ministry of War. When the emperor planned to depose the crown prince, fearing that Su Xiaoci's presence in the Donggong might interfere, he was transferred out and appointed as Zhizhou of Xizhou." Emperor Yang changed the Left and Right Weilv into the Left and Right Shilv, while also appointing two Vice Shilvs. In the Great Tang dynasty, they became known as the Left and Right Wei Lü Fu (Left and Right Guard Rate Departments). In the second year of Longshuo (662 AD), these departments were renamed as the Left and Right Dianrong Wei. In the first year of Xianheng (670 AD) they reverted to their original names. Each Weilv position was filled by one person, responsible for commanding troops on duty, overseeing formations and ranks, and presiding over all affairs of the department. Li Jing served as Zhongshulang (Minister of the Secretariat), concurrently acting as Left Weilv, and later transferred to become Minister of War." | ||
| 3 | 左右衛率... : | 副率各二人，掌貳率事。長史各一人，隋置。大唐因之，掌通判。自長史以下，冑曹以上，諸率府並同。 |
| There were two Vice Weilvs for each post; they assisted the Weilv in managing affairs. Each department had one Changshi, a position established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed this system; the Changshi was responsible for assisting in administrative decisions. From the Changshi down to the Zhaocao and above, all departments of the Weilv Fu were the same. | ||
| 4 | 左右衛率... : | 錄事參軍各一人，隋置。大唐因之，掌句稽監印。 |
| The Great Tang followed suit, and they were responsible for auditing accounts and supervising seals. | ||
| 5 | 左右衛率... : | 倉曹參軍各一人，隋置。大唐因之。掌官員、假使、儀式、糧廩、膳羞、田園、公廨、選所、監藥等事。 |
| Each department had one Cangcao Cenjun; this post was established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed, and they were in charge of managing grain storage and related affairs. The Great Tang continued with this system. They were responsible for matters concerning officials, leave of absence, ceremonies, grain rations, food supplies, farmland and gardens, government buildings, selection offices, and pharmaceutical supervision. | ||
| 6 | 左右衛率... : | 兵曹參軍各一人，隋置。大唐因之。掌府內衛士以上名帳差科及公私馬驢等。 |
| Each department had one Bingcao Cenjun; this office was established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed suit. The Great Tang continued with this practice. They were responsible for maintaining official records of the guards and above within the department, assigning duties, as well as overseeing public and private horses and donkeys. | ||
| 7 | 左右衛率... : | 冑曹參軍各一人。隋置為鎧曹。大唐長安中，改為冑曹參軍。神龍初，復為鎧曹。太極中，復為冑曹。掌軍器、儀仗、公廨、營造、罪罰。長史以下官局所領職務，諸率府並同。 |
| Each department had one Zhaocao Cenjun. This position was originally called Kaicao during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang changed its name to Zhaocao. During the Chang'an period of the Great Tang, it was renamed as Zhaocao Cenjun. They were responsible for managing armor and weapons, as well as other military equipment. In the early Shenglong period (705 AD), it was reverted back to Kaicao. Later, during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods, it remained as Zhaocao Cen jun. During the Taichi period (712 AD), it was once again renamed to Zhaocao. They continued to oversee armor, weapons, and other military supplies. They were responsible for military equipment, ceremonial guards, government buildings, construction projects, and punishment of crimes. The duties managed by the officials under the Changshi in each department were the same across all Weilv Fu (Guard Rate Departments). | ||
| 8 | 左右衛率... : | 親府、勳府、翊府中郎將各一人。梁左右衛率共領十一營，二率各領殿中將軍十人、員外將軍十人。北齊左右衛坊率各領騎官備身員外，又有內直備身正副都督。隋左右衛率下直閤四人，直寢八人，直齋、直後各十人。大唐則曰親、勳、翊三府，各置中郎將、左右郎將各一人。大唐置錄事、兵曹參軍各一人。 |
| Each Qinfu, Xunfu, and Yifu had one Zhonglangjiang. In the Liang dynasty, Left and Right Weilv jointly commanded eleven camps, with each of the two Weilvs commanding ten Dianzhong Jiangjun (Imperial Guards Generals) and ten Yuanwai Jiangjun (Generals Outside Quota). In the Northern Qi dynasty, each Left and Right Weilvfang Weilv commanded mounted officers responsible for personal protection outside of quota. There were also Inner Direct Personal Protection Commanders (Zhengfu Dudou) in charge. Under the Sui dynasty's Left and Right Weilv departments, there were four officers on duty in the gatehouse (Zhihe), eight officers guarding the sleeping quarters (Zhiqin), ten each for Zhi zhai (duty in the 斋 hall) and Zhihou (duty behind). In the Great Tang, they were known as Qinfu, Xunfu and Yifu. Each was assigned one Zhonglangjiang (Middle Langjiang), along with one Left and Right Langjiang each. The Great Tang established the posts of Lushi Cenjun and Bingcao Cenjun, each with one officer. |
《左右司禦率府 - Left and Right Siyu Shuai Fu 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 左右司禦... : | 隋文帝置左右宗衛，其官制如左右衛，各掌以皇族侍衛。煬帝改為左右武侍率。大唐復為左右宗衛率府。龍朔二年，改為左右司禦衛，後改衛為率府焉。神龍初，復為宗衛。景雲二年，復為司禦率府，置率各一人，所掌與左右衛率同。副率以下職亦同，他准此。副率各二人，長史、錄事及倉、兵、冑曹參軍各一人。 |
| Emperor Wen of Sui established the Left and Right Zongwei, whose official system was similar to that of the Left and Right Wei. Each was responsible for guarding with members of the imperial clan as bodyguards. Emperor Yang changed them to the Left and Right Wushi Shuai. In the great Tang dynasty, they were restored as the Left and Right Zongwei Shuai Fu. In the second year of Longshuo, they were changed to the Left and Right Siyu Wei; later, the term "Wei" was altered to "Shuai Fu." At the beginning of Shenlong, they were once again restored as Zongwei. In the second year of Jingyun, they were again changed to Siyu Shuai Fu, with one Shuai appointed for each. The duties they oversaw were the same as those of the Left and Right Wei Shuai. The positions below Fu Shuai also followed the same system; other matters conformed to this standard. There were two Fu Shuais each, as well as one Zhangshi, Lushi, and Cang, Bing, Zhucao Canjun respectively. |
《左右清道率府 - Left and Right Qingdao Lüfus 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 左右清道... : | 隋有左右虞候，各置開府一人，掌斥候，伺姦非。長史以下如左右衛。煬帝改開府為左右虞候，并置副率二人。大唐為左右虞候率府，職擬左右金吾。龍朔二年，改為左右清道衛。神龍初，又為虞候率府。開元初，為清道率府，各置率一人，掌斥候道路，先驅後殿，伺察姦非。副率各二人，長史、錄事及倉、兵、冑曹參軍各一人。 |
| The Sui dynasty had left and right Yuhou officers, each of whom was assigned one Kai Fu official to oversee reconnaissance and surveillance for suspicious or unlawful activities. Officials below the rank of Changshi were organized in a manner similar to that of the Left and Right Guards. Emperor Yang changed the title Kai Fu to Zuo You Yuhou, and also established two deputy commanders (Fu Lü). In the great Tang dynasty, they were known as the Left and Right Yuhou Lüfus, with duties modeled after those of the Left and Right Jingu. In the second year of Longshuo (June 21, 662 AD), they were renamed the Left and Right Qingdao Wei. At the beginning of the Shenlong era (October 9, 705 AD), they were once again known as Yuhou Lüfus. In the early Kaiyuan era (January 1, 713 AD), they became Qingdao Lüfus; each was assigned one Lü to oversee reconnaissance of roads, leading the way and bringing up the rear, as well as monitoring for suspicious or unlawful activities. Each had two deputy Lü; one Changshi, one Lushi, and one each of the Cang, Bing, and Zhucao Canjun. |
《左右監門率府 - Left and Right Jianmen Shuai Fu 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 左右監門... : | 隋左右監門率各置一人，掌諸門禁。煬帝改為監門將軍。大唐復為左右監門率，擬左右監門。龍朔二年，改為左右崇掖衛。咸亨初，復舊。垂拱中，改為鶴禁衛。神龍初，復舊。各置率一人，掌門禁、籍傍。副率各二人，長史、錄事參軍及兵、冑二曹參軍各一人。 |
| During the Sui dynasty, one person each was appointed as the Left and Right Jianmen Shuai, in charge of guarding all gates. Emperor Yang changed them to be called Jianmen Jiangjun (Gate-Commander Generals). In the Great Tang dynasty, they were once again named as Left and Right Jianmenshuai, corresponding to the Left and Right Jianmen. In the second year of Longshuo (662 AD), they were renamed as the Left and Right Chongye Wei. At the beginning of Xianheng, the old title was restored. In the middle of Choukong, they were renamed Hejin Wei (Crane Gate Guards). At the beginning of Shenlong, the old title was restored again. Each position had one Shuai (commander), in charge of gate security and maintaining records of those nearby. There were two Fu Shuai (deputy commanders) for each, as well as one Zhangshi, one Lushi Cenjun, and one each of the Bingcao and Zhuocao Cenjun. |
《左右內率府 - Left and Right Nei Lüshi Fu 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 左右內率... : | 隋置左右內率、副率各一人，掌領備身以上。所領千牛以下與千牛衛同。禁內侍衛，供奉兵仗。大唐為左右內率府。龍朔二年，改為左右奉裕率。咸亨初，復舊。各置率一人，掌侍衛左右，供奉兵仗。副率、長史、錄事參軍及兵、冑二曹參軍各一人。千牛各十六人，掌執細刀弓箭，宿衛侍從。備身各二十八人，掌宿衛侍從。龍朔二年，改太子左右千牛備身為太子左右奉裕，尋復舊。 |
| The Sui dynasty established one each of Left and Right Neilvshi and Fu neilvshi, who were in charge of commanding those ranked above Beishen. Those under their command, including the Qiniu ranks and below, were the same as those of the Qiniu Wei. They guarded within the palace, providing military weapons and implements for imperial service. The great Tang dynasty established them as the Left and Right Neilvshi Fu. In the second year of Longshuo, they were changed to the Left and Right Fengyu Lüshi. At the beginning of Xianheng, their original titles were restored. Each was assigned one Lüshi, who was in charge of guarding on either side and providing military weapons for imperial service. One each of Fulu, Zhangshi, Lushi Cenjun, as well as Bing and Zhuo Cenjun from the two departments were also appointed. There were sixteen Qiniu each, who held fine swords, bows, and arrows, and were responsible for night guarding and attending the emperor. There were twenty-eight Beishen each, in charge of night guarding and serving as attendants to the emperor. In the second year of Longshu, the Left and Right Qiniu Beishen of the crown prince were changed to the Left and Right Fenyu of the crown prince; soon afterward, their original titles were restored. | ||
| 2 | 左右內率... : | 太子旅賁中郎將：旅賁中郎將一人，職如武賁中郎將，宋初置。天子有武賁，習武訓也。諸侯有旅賁，禦災害也。大唐諸率府初有中郎、郎將官。永徽元年，以太子名忠，改諸率府中郎將為旅賁郎將，其郎將改為翊軍。後或改或省。 |
| The Tai Zi Lübin Zhonglangjiang: one Lübin Zhonglangjiang, whose duties were the same as those of a Wubin Zhonglangjiang. It was first established at the beginning of the Song dynasty. The Son of Heaven had Wubin, who were trained in martial arts and discipline. Princes had Lübin, who served to guard against disasters and dangers. At first, the various Lüshi Fu of the great Tang dynasty had Zhonglang and Langjiang officials. In the first year of Yonghui, because the crown prince's name was Zhong, all Zhonglangjiang officials in the various Lüshi Fu were renamed Lübin Langjiang; their Langjiang posts were changed to Yijun. Later, some positions were either changed or abolished. |
《太孫官屬 - Officials of the Heir Apparent 》 | English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] | Library Resources |
| 1 | 太孫官屬: | 大唐永淳元年三月，立皇孫重照為皇太孫，將置府寮，高宗召吏部郎中王方慶，問曰：「前代故事如何？」方慶進曰：「臣按周禮，有嫡子，無嫡孫。漢魏以來，皇太子在，亦不立太孫。晉惠帝永寧元年，立愍懷太子第三子襄陽王尚為皇太孫，太子官屬即轉為太孫官屬。南齊永明十年，立文惠太子長子南郡王昭業為皇太孫，便居東宮。今皇太子在而立太孫，旁求載籍，未有前例。」上曰：「自我作古，可乎？」對曰：「五帝不相沿樂，苟不失上下之序，不虧政理之道，亦何事而不可。詩曰：『貽厥孫謀，以燕翼子。』禮曰『君子抱孫不抱子，孫可以為王父尸』，以其昭穆同也。今陛下肇建皇孫，創斯盛典，所以彰子孫千億之盛，福祚靈長之應也。」上悅，使方慶詳求典故，官屬員品，乃奏太孫府置師、傅、友、文學、祭酒及長史、曹掾、主簿、管記、司錄以下六曹從事等官，各加王府一級。上後頗以為疑，竟不補授而止。 |
| In the first year of Yongchun in Great Tang, during the third month, the imperial grandson Zhongzhao was established as the Crown Prince's Heir Apparent. Preparations were being made to establish his official staff. Emperor Gaozong summoned Wang Fangqing, an officer of the Ministry of Personnel, and asked him, "What are the precedents from previous dynasties?" Wang Fangqing replied, "According to the Rites of Zhou that I have examined, there are provisions for a legitimate son but not for a legitimate grandson. Since the Han and Wei dynasties, when an imperial crown prince was alive, no Heir Apparent to the Crown Prince was established. In the first year of Yongning during the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin, the third son of Crown Prince Minhuai, Xiangyang Wang Shang, was established as the imperial Heir Apparent. The officials and attendants of the crown prince were then transferred to serve as officials for the Heir Apparent. In the tenth year of Yongming during Southern Qi, the eldest son of Crown Prince Wenhui, Nanjun Wang Zhaoye, was established as imperial Heir Apparent and immediately resided in the Eastern Palace. Now that an imperial crown prince is alive yet a Heir Apparent is being established, after searching through historical records for precedents, there are none to be found." The emperor said, "Shall I establish a precedent of my own?" He replied, "The Five Emperors did not follow the same music. If it does not disrupt the order of hierarchy and does not violate the principles of governance, then what is there that cannot be done?" The Book of Songs says: "Leave a plan for your descendants so as to provide wings and comfort for future generations." 隆重 The Rites say, 'A gentleman carries his grandson rather than his son; a grandson may serve as the substitute for his great-grandfather,' because their generations are aligned. Now that Your Majesty is establishing the imperial grandson and initiating this grand ceremony, it serves to demonstrate the prosperity of countless descendants and the auspicious response for enduring blessings and a long-lasting legacy." The emperor was pleased and ordered Wang Fangqing to carefully investigate precedents, official ranks, and positions. He then submitted a proposal that the Heir Apparent's office should establish officials such as a Master of Instruction (Shi), an Instructor (Fu), a Friend (You), a Literary Attendant (Wenxue), a Grand Lecturer (Jiu), along with a Chief Clerk (Changshi), departmental clerks (Caoyuan), a Principal Secretary (Zhubu), a Record Keeper (Guanj Ji), a Registrar (Silu), and other officials of the six departments, each rank being one level higher than that in a princely mansion. Later, however, the emperor became somewhat doubtful and ultimately did not proceed with appointments or bestowals. |
URN: ctp:tongdian/30