"""

Mininet: A simple networking testbed for OpenFlow!

author: Bob Lantz ([email protected])

author: Brandon Heller ([email protected])

Mininet creates scalable OpenFlow test networks by using

process-based virtualization and network namespaces.

Simulated hosts are created as processes in separate network

namespaces. This allows a complete OpenFlow network to be simulated on

top of a single Linux kernel.

Each host has:

A virtual console (pipes to a shell)

A virtual interfaces (half of a veth pair)

A parent shell (and possibly some child processes) in a namespace

Hosts have a network interface which is configured via ifconfig/ip

link/etc.

This version supports both the kernel and user space datapaths

from the OpenFlow reference implementation (openflowswitch.org)

as well as OpenVSwitch (openvswitch.org.)

In kernel datapath mode, the controller and switches are simply

processes in the root namespace.

Kernel OpenFlow datapaths are instantiated using dpctl(8), and are

attached to the one side of a veth pair; the other side resides in the

host namespace. In this mode, switch processes can simply connect to the

controller via the loopback interface.

In user datapath mode, the controller and switches can be full-service

nodes that live in their own network namespaces and have management

interfaces and IP addresses on a control network (e.g. 192.168.123.1,

currently routed although it could be bridged.)

In addition to a management interface, user mode switches also have

several switch interfaces, halves of veth pairs whose other halves

reside in the host nodes that the switches are connected to.

Consistent, straightforward naming is important in order to easily

identify hosts, switches and controllers, both from the CLI and

from program code. Interfaces are named to make it easy to identify

which interfaces belong to which node.

The basic naming scheme is as follows:

Host nodes are named h1-hN

Switch nodes are named s1-sN

Controller nodes are named c0-cN

Interfaces are named {nodename}-eth0 .. {nodename}-ethN

Note: If the network topology is created using mininet.topo, then

node numbers are unique among hosts and switches (e.g. we have

h1..hN and SN..SN+M) and also correspond to their default IP addresses

of 10.x.y.z/8 where x.y.z is the base-256 representation of N for

hN. This mapping allows easy determination of a node's IP

address from its name, e.g. h1 -> 10.0.0.1, h257 -> 10.0.1.1.

Note also that 10.0.0.1 can often be written as 10.1 for short, e.g.

"ping 10.1" is equivalent to "ping 10.0.0.1".

Currently we wrap the entire network in a 'mininet' object, which

constructs a simulated network based on a network topology created

using a topology object (e.g. LinearTopo) from mininet.topo or

mininet.topolib, and a Controller which the switches will connect

to. Several configuration options are provided for functions such as

automatically setting MAC addresses, populating the ARP table, or

even running a set of terminals to allow direct interaction with nodes.

After the network is created, it can be started using start(), and a

variety of useful tasks maybe performed, including basic connectivity

and bandwidth tests and running the mininet CLI.

Once the network is up and running, test code can easily get access

to host and switch objects which can then be used for arbitrary

experiments, typically involving running a series of commands on the

hosts.

After all desired tests or activities have been completed, the stop()

method may be called to shut down the network.

"""

import os

import re

import select

import signal

from time import sleep

from mininet.cli import CLI

from mininet.log import info, error, debug, output

from mininet.node import Host, UserSwitch, OVSKernelSwitch, Controller

from mininet.node import ControllerParams

from mininet.util import quietRun, fixLimits

from mininet.util import createLink, macColonHex, ipStr, ipParse

from mininet.term import cleanUpScreens, makeTerms

class Mininet( object ):

"Network emulation with hosts spawned in network namespaces."

def __init__( self, topo=None, switch=OVSKernelSwitch, host=Host,

controller=Controller,

cparams=ControllerParams( '10.0.0.0', 8 ),

build=True, xterms=False, cleanup=False,

inNamespace=False,

autoSetMacs=False, autoStaticArp=False, listenPort=None ):

"""Create Mininet object.

topo: Topo (topology) object or None

switch: Switch class

host: Host class

controller: Controller class

cparams: ControllerParams object

build: build now from topo?

xterms: if build now, spawn xterms?

cleanup: if build now, cleanup before creating?

inNamespace: spawn switches and controller in net namespaces?

autoSetMacs: set MAC addrs from topo?

autoStaticArp: set all-pairs static MAC addrs?

listenPort: base listening port to open; will be incremented for

each additional switch in the net if inNamespace=False"""

self.switch = switch

self.host = host

self.controller = controller

self.cparams = cparams

self.topo = topo

self.inNamespace = inNamespace

self.xterms = xterms

self.cleanup = cleanup

self.autoSetMacs = autoSetMacs

self.autoStaticArp = autoStaticArp

self.listenPort = listenPort

self.hosts = []

self.switches = []

self.controllers = []

self.nameToNode = {} # name to Node (Host/Switch) objects

self.idToNode = {} # dpid to Node (Host/Switch) objects

self.dps = 0 # number of created kernel datapaths

self.terms = [] # list of spawned xterm processes

init()

switch.setup()

self.built = False

if topo and build:

self.build()

def addHost( self, name, mac=None, ip=None ):

"""Add host.

name: name of host to add

mac: default MAC address for intf 0

ip: default IP address for intf 0

returns: added host"""

host = self.host( name, defaultMAC=mac, defaultIP=ip )

self.hosts.append( host )

self.nameToNode[ name ] = host

return host

def addSwitch( self, name, mac=None, ip=None ):

"""Add switch.

name: name of switch to add

mac: default MAC address for kernel/OVS switch intf 0

returns: added switch

side effect: increments the listenPort member variable."""

if self.switch == UserSwitch:

sw = self.switch( name, listenPort=self.listenPort,

defaultMAC=mac, defaultIP=ip, inNamespace=self.inNamespace )

else:

sw = self.switch( name, listenPort=self.listenPort,

defaultMAC=mac, defaultIP=ip, dp=self.dps,

inNamespace=self.inNamespace )

if not self.inNamespace and self.listenPort:

self.listenPort += 1

self.dps += 1

self.switches.append( sw )

self.nameToNode[ name ] = sw

return sw

def addController( self, name='c0', controller=None, **kwargs ):

"""Add controller.

controller: Controller class"""

if not controller:

controller = self.controller

controller_new = controller( name, **kwargs )

if controller_new: # allow controller-less setups

self.controllers.append( controller_new )

self.nameToNode[ name ] = controller_new

return controller_new

# Control network support:

#

# Create an explicit control network. Currently this is only

# used by the user datapath configuration.

#

# Notes:

#

# 1. If the controller and switches are in the same (e.g. root)

# namespace, they can just use the loopback connection.

#

# 2. If we can get unix domain sockets to work, we can use them

# instead of an explicit control network.

#

# 3. Instead of routing, we could bridge or use 'in-band' control.

#

# 4. Even if we dispense with this in general, it could still be

# useful for people who wish to simulate a separate control

# network (since real networks may need one!)

def configureControlNetwork( self ):

"Configure control network."

self.configureRoutedControlNetwork()

# We still need to figure out the right way to pass

# in the control network location.

def configureRoutedControlNetwork( self, ip='192.168.123.1',

prefixLen=16 ):

"""Configure a routed control network on controller and switches.

For use with the user datapath only right now.

"""

controller = self.controllers[ 0 ]

info( controller.name + ' <->' )

cip = ip

snum = ipParse( ip )

for switch in self.switches:

info( ' ' + switch.name )

sintf, cintf = createLink( switch, controller )

snum += 1

while snum & 0xff in [ 0, 255 ]:

snum += 1

sip = ipStr( snum )

controller.setIP( cintf, cip, prefixLen )

switch.setIP( sintf, sip, prefixLen )

controller.setHostRoute( sip, cintf )

switch.setHostRoute( cip, sintf )

info( '\n' )

info( '*** Testing control network\n' )

while not controller.intfIsUp( cintf ):

info( '*** Waiting for', cintf, 'to come up\n' )

sleep( 1 )

for switch in self.switches:

while not switch.intfIsUp( sintf ):

info( '*** Waiting for', sintf, 'to come up\n' )

sleep( 1 )

if self.ping( hosts=[ switch, controller ] ) != 0:

error( '*** Error: control network test failed\n' )

exit( 1 )

info( '\n' )

def configHosts( self ):

"Configure a set of hosts."

# params were: hosts, ips

for host in self.hosts:

hintf = host.intfs[ 0 ]

host.setIP( hintf, host.defaultIP, self.cparams.prefixLen )

host.setDefaultRoute( hintf )

# You're low priority, dude!

quietRun( 'renice +18 -p ' + repr( host.pid ) )

info( host.name + ' ' )

info( '\n' )

def buildFromTopo( self, topo ):

"""Build mininet from a topology object

At the end of this function, everything should be connected

and up."""

def addNode( prefix, addMethod, nodeId ):

"Add a host or a switch."

name = prefix + topo.name( nodeId )

mac = macColonHex( nodeId ) if self.setMacs else None

ip = topo.ip( nodeId )

node = addMethod( name, mac=mac, ip=ip )

self.idToNode[ nodeId ] = node

info( name + ' ' )

# Possibly we should clean up here and/or validate

# the topo

if self.cleanup:

pass

info( '*** Adding controller\n' )

self.addController( 'c0' )

info( '*** Creating network\n' )

info( '*** Adding hosts:\n' )

for hostId in sorted( topo.hosts() ):

addNode( 'h', self.addHost, hostId )

info( '\n*** Adding switches:\n' )

for switchId in sorted( topo.switches() ):

addNode( 's', self.addSwitch, switchId )

info( '\n*** Adding links:\n' )

for srcId, dstId in sorted( topo.edges() ):

src, dst = self.idToNode[ srcId ], self.idToNode[ dstId ]

srcPort, dstPort = topo.port( srcId, dstId )

createLink( src, dst, srcPort, dstPort )

info( '(%s, %s) ' % ( src.name, dst.name ) )

info( '\n' )

def build( self ):

"Build mininet."

if self.topo:

self.buildFromTopo( self.topo )

if self.inNamespace:

info( '*** Configuring control network\n' )

self.configureControlNetwork()

info( '*** Configuring hosts\n' )

self.configHosts()

if self.xterms:

self.startTerms()

if self.autoSetMacs:

self.setMacs()

if self.autoStaticArp:

self.staticArp()

self.built = True

def startTerms( self ):

"Start a terminal for each node."

info( "*** Running terms on %s\n" % os.environ[ 'DISPLAY' ] )

cleanUpScreens()

self.terms += makeTerms( self.controllers, 'controller' )

self.terms += makeTerms( self.switches, 'switch' )

self.terms += makeTerms( self.hosts, 'host' )

def stopXterms( self ):

"Kill each xterm."

# Kill xterms

for term in self.terms:

os.kill( term.pid, signal.SIGKILL )

cleanUpScreens()

def setMacs( self ):

"""Set MAC addrs to correspond to default MACs on hosts.

Assume that the host only has one interface."""

for host in self.hosts:

host.setMAC( host.intfs[ 0 ], host.defaultMAC )

def staticArp( self ):

"Add all-pairs ARP entries to remove the need to handle broadcast."

for src in self.hosts:

for dst in self.hosts:

if src != dst:

src.setARP( ip=dst.IP(), mac=dst.MAC() )

def start( self ):

"Start controller and switches."

if not self.built:

self.build()

info( '*** Starting controller\n' )

for controller in self.controllers:

controller.start()

info( '*** Starting %s switches\n' % len( self.switches ) )

for switch in self.switches:

info( switch.name + ' ')

switch.start( self.controllers )

info( '\n' )

def stop( self ):

"Stop the controller(s), switches and hosts"

if self.terms:

info( '*** Stopping %i terms\n' % len( self.terms ) )

self.stopXterms()

info( '*** Stopping %i hosts\n' % len( self.hosts ) )

for host in self.hosts:

info( '%s ' % host.name )

host.terminate()

info( '\n' )

info( '*** Stopping %i switches\n' % len( self.switches ) )

for switch in self.switches:

info( switch.name )

switch.stop()

info( '\n' )

info( '*** Stopping %i controllers\n' % len( self.controllers ) )

for controller in self.controllers:

controller.stop()

info( '*** Done\n' )

def run( self, test, *args, **kwargs ):

"Perform a complete start/test/stop cycle."

self.start()

info( '*** Running test\n' )

result = test( *args, **kwargs )

self.stop()

return result

def monitor( self, hosts=None, timeoutms=-1 ):

"""Monitor a set of hosts (or all hosts by default),

and return their output, a line at a time.

hosts: (optional) set of hosts to monitor

timeoutms: (optional) timeout value in ms

returns: iterator which returns host, line"""

if hosts is None:

hosts = self.hosts

poller = select.poll()

Node = hosts[ 0 ] # so we can call class method fdToNode

for host in hosts:

poller.register( host.stdout )

while True:

ready = poller.poll( timeoutms )

for fd, event in ready:

host = Node.fdToNode( fd )

if event & select.POLLIN:

line = host.readline()

if line is not None:

yield host, line

# Return if non-blocking

if not ready and timeoutms >= 0:

yield None, None

@staticmethod

def _parsePing( pingOutput ):

"Parse ping output and return packets sent, received."

# Check for downed link

if 'connect: Network is unreachable' in pingOutput:

return (1, 0)

r = r'(\d+) packets transmitted, (\d+) received'

m = re.search( r, pingOutput )

if m == None:

error( '*** Error: could not parse ping output: %s\n' %

pingOutput )

return (1, 0)

sent, received = int( m.group( 1 ) ), int( m.group( 2 ) )

return sent, received

def ping( self, hosts=None ):

"""Ping between all specified hosts.

hosts: list of hosts

returns: ploss packet loss percentage"""

# should we check if running?

packets = 0

lost = 0

ploss = None

if not hosts:

hosts = self.hosts

output( '*** Ping: testing ping reachability\n' )

for node in hosts:

output( '%s -> ' % node.name )

for dest in hosts:

if node != dest:

result = node.cmd( 'ping -c1 ' + dest.IP() )

sent, received = self._parsePing( result )

packets += sent

if received > sent:

error( '*** Error: received too many packets' )

error( '%s' % result )

node.cmdPrint( 'route' )

exit( 1 )

lost += sent - received

output( ( '%s ' % dest.name ) if received else 'X ' )

output( '\n' )

ploss = 100 * lost / packets

output( "*** Results: %i%% dropped (%d/%d lost)\n" %

( ploss, lost, packets ) )

return ploss

def pingAll( self ):

"""Ping between all hosts.

returns: ploss packet loss percentage"""

return self.ping()

def pingPair( self ):

"""Ping between first two hosts, useful for testing.

returns: ploss packet loss percentage"""

hosts = [ self.hosts[ 0 ], self.hosts[ 1 ] ]

return self.ping( hosts=hosts )

@staticmethod

def _parseIperf( iperfOutput ):

"""Parse iperf output and return bandwidth.

iperfOutput: string

returns: result string"""

r = r'([\d\.]+ \w+/sec)'

m = re.findall( r, iperfOutput )

if m:

return m[-1]

else:

# was: raise Exception(...)

error( 'could not parse iperf output: ' + iperfOutput )

return ''

def iperf( self, hosts=None, l4Type='TCP', udpBw='10M' ):

"""Run iperf between two hosts.

hosts: list of hosts; if None, uses opposite hosts

l4Type: string, one of [ TCP, UDP ]

returns: results two-element array of server and client speeds"""

if not quietRun( 'which telnet' ):

error( 'Cannot find telnet in $PATH - required for iperf test' )

return

if not hosts:

hosts = [ self.hosts[ 0 ], self.hosts[ -1 ] ]

else:

assert len( hosts ) == 2

client, server = hosts

output( '*** Iperf: testing ' + l4Type + ' bandwidth between ' )

output( "%s and %s\n" % ( client.name, server.name ) )

server.cmd( 'killall -9 iperf' )

iperfArgs = 'iperf '

bwArgs = ''

if l4Type == 'UDP':

iperfArgs += '-u '

bwArgs = '-b ' + udpBw + ' '

elif l4Type != 'TCP':

raise Exception( 'Unexpected l4 type: %s' % l4Type )

server.sendCmd( iperfArgs + '-s', printPid=True )

servout = ''

while server.lastPid is None:

servout += server.monitor()

while 'Connected' not in client.cmd(

'sh -c "echo A | telnet -e A %s 5001"' % server.IP()):

output('waiting for iperf to start up')

sleep(.5)

cliout = client.cmd( iperfArgs + '-t 5 -c ' + server.IP() + ' ' +

bwArgs )

debug( 'Client output: %s\n' % cliout )

server.sendInt()

servout += server.waitOutput()

debug( 'Server output: %s\n' % servout )

result = [ self._parseIperf( servout ), self._parseIperf( cliout ) ]

if l4Type == 'UDP':

result.insert( 0, udpBw )

output( '*** Results: %s\n' % result )

return result

def configLinkStatus( self, src, dst, status ):

"""Change status of src <-> dst links.

src: node name

dst: node name

status: string {up, down}"""

if src not in self.nameToNode:

error( 'src not in network: %s\n' % src )

elif dst not in self.nameToNode:

error( 'dst not in network: %s\n' % dst )

else:

srcNode, dstNode = self.nameToNode[ src ], self.nameToNode[ dst ]

connections = srcNode.connectionsTo( dstNode )

if len( connections ) == 0:

error( 'src and dst not connected: %s %s\n' % ( src, dst) )

for srcIntf, dstIntf in connections:

result = srcNode.cmd( 'ifconfig', srcIntf, status )

if result:

error( 'link src status change failed: %s\n' % result )

result = dstNode.cmd( 'ifconfig', dstIntf, status )

if result:

error( 'link dst status change failed: %s\n' % result )

def interact( self ):

"Start network and run our simple CLI."

self.start()

result = CLI( self )

self.stop()

return result

# pylint thinks inited is unused

# pylint: disable-msg=W0612

def init():

"Initialize Mininet."

if init.inited:

return

if os.getuid() != 0:

# Note: this script must be run as root

# Perhaps we should do so automatically!

print "*** Mininet must run as root."

exit( 1 )

# If which produces no output, then mnexec is not in the path.

# May want to loosen this to handle mnexec in the current dir.

if not quietRun( 'which mnexec' ):

raise Exception( "Could not find mnexec - check $PATH" )

fixLimits()

init.inited = True

init.inited = False

# pylint: enable-msg=W0612